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Questions and Answers
Which structure collects blood from the brain, face, and neck?
Which of the following is NOT a tributary of the jugular vein?
Where does the anterior vertebral vein commence?
Which of the following pairs correctly matches a superficial lymph node with its anatomical counterpart?
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Which type of vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle from tributaries of internal vertebral venous plexuses?
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What is the main artery that enters the skull to supply the brain and orbit?
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What is the main function of the carotid body?
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Which artery is the most inferior branch of the external carotid artery?
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What does the ascending pharyngeal artery primarily supply?
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Where does the occipital artery end its course?
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Which structure is mainly supplied by the facial artery?
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What is the role of the carotid sinus?
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Where does the external carotid artery run in relation to the mandible?
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Which area does the external jugular vein primarily drain blood from?
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What is the terminal branch of the superficial temporal artery?
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Which vein begins in the occipital region and runs down the back part of the neck?
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Which structure does the first part of the mandibular nerve supply?
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What forms the external jugular vein?
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Which of the following veins opens into the termination of the external jugular vein or subclavian vein?
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The second part of the mandibular nerve primarily supplies which function?
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What is not a tributary of the external jugular vein?
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Study Notes
Arteries of the Neck
-
Common Carotid Artery: Runs with the internal jugular vein (IJV) and vagus nerve in the carotid sheath.
- Divides into the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA).
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Internal Carotid Artery (ICA): Arises from the CCA at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.
- Has no branches in the neck.
- Enters the skull and becomes the main artery of the brain and orbit.
-
External Carotid Artery (ECA): Supplies structures external to the skull.
- Each artery runs between the neck of the mandible and the lobule of the auricle.
- Carotid Sinus: Dilatation of the proximal part of the ICA. Contains receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure.
-
Carotid Body: Small mass of tissue located at the bifurcation of the CCA.
- A chemoreceptor that responds to changes in the chemical composition of blood.
Branches of the External Carotid Artery
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Superior Thyroid Artery: Most inferior branch.
- Runs deep to infrahyoid muscles to reach the thyroid gland.
- Branches to the thyroid gland, SCM, infrahyoid muscles, and gives rise to the superior laryngeal artery which supplies the larynx.
-
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery: Ascends on the pharynx deep to the ICA.
- Sends branches to the pharynx, prevertebral muscles, middle ear, and cranial meninges.
-
Lingual Artery: Passes deep to the hypoglossal nerve, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric muscles.
- Passes deep to the hyoglossus muscle where it becomes the deep lingual artery.
-
Facial Artery: Gives off a tonsillar branch, branches to the palate and submandibular gland.
- Passes under the digastric, stylohyoid muscles, and angle of the mandible.
- Loops Anteriorly and enters a deep groove in the submandibular gland.
- Hooks around the inferior border of the mandible and enters the face.
-
Occipital Artery: Passes along the inferior border of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
- Ends in the posterior part of the scalp.
-
Posterior Auricular Artery: Ascends posterior to the external acoustic meatus.
- Supplies adjacent muscles, parotid gland, facial nerve, structures in the temporal bone, auricle, and scalp.
-
Maxillary Artery: Terminal branch. Arises posterior to the neck of the mandible and deep to its condyle.
- Passes deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle and enters the infra-temporal fossa.
- Divided into three parts:
- First Part: Supplies the tympanic membrane, dura, and mandibular teeth.
- Second Part: Supplies the muscles of mastication.
- Third Part: Supplies the maxillary teeth, face, orbit, palate, and nasal cavity.
-
Superficial Temporal Artery: Terminal branch. Emerges on the face between the TMJ and the ear.
- Ends in the scalp by dividing into frontal and parietal branches.
- Gives off a transverse facial artery within the parotid gland.
- Supplies the parotid gland, duct, masseter muscle, and skin of the face.
Venous Drainage of the Neck
- Veins of the neck return blood from the head and face:
- External Jugular Vein: Receives the greater part of blood from the exterior of the cranium and deep parts of the face.
- Anterior Jugular Vein: Returns blood from the skin & superficial muscles in the upper & back part of the neck.
- Posterior External Jugular Vein: Begins in the occipital region.
- Internal Jugular Vein: Collects blood from the brain, superficial parts of the face, and neck.
- Vertebral Vein: Formed in the sub-occipital triangle from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses.
- Anterior Vertebral Vein: Commences in a plexus around the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae.
Tributaries
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External Jugular Vein:
- Posterior external jugular veins
- Anterior jugular veins
- Suprascapular
- Transverse cervical
-
Posterior External Jugular Vein:
- Opens into the external jugular vein just below the middle of its course.
-
Anterior Jugular Vein:
- Laryngeal veins
- Thyroid vein
- Two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk - venous jugular arch (receive tributaries from inferior thyroid veins, each also communicates with the IJV)
-
Internal Jugular Vein:
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- Common facial
- Lingual
- Pharyngeal
- Superior & middle thyroid veins
-
Vertebral Vein:
- Vertebral vein communicates with the transverse sinus by a vein that passes through the condyloid canal.
- Occipital vein
- Internal & external vertebral venous plexuses
- Anterior vertebral & deep cervical veins
-
Anterior Vertebral Vein:
- Descends with the ascending cervical artery between the scalenus anterior and longus capitis muscles.
- Opens into the terminal part of the vertebral vein.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck
- Divided into a superficial ring of lymph nodes and a vertical group of deep lymph nodes:
-
Superficial Lymph Nodes:
- Occipital
- Mastoid
- Pre-auricular
- Parotid
- Submental
- Submandibular
- Facial
- Superficial Cervical
-
Deep Lymph Nodes:
- Divided into superior & inferior deep cervical
- Includes:
- Prelaryngeal
- Pretracheal
- Paratracheal
- Retropharyngeal
- Infrahyoid
- Jugulodigastric (tonsillar)
- Jugulo-omohyoid
- Supraclavicular nodes
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