Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal appearance of the cornea during an eye assessment?
What is the normal appearance of the cornea during an eye assessment?
Which condition is indicated by yellow sclera in an eye assessment?
Which condition is indicated by yellow sclera in an eye assessment?
What does bright red eyes without other symptoms indicate during an eye assessment?
What does bright red eyes without other symptoms indicate during an eye assessment?
Which condition could cause the lower lid to appear cyanotic during an eye assessment?
Which condition could cause the lower lid to appear cyanotic during an eye assessment?
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During an eye assessment, what might redness or swelling around the puncta indicate?
During an eye assessment, what might redness or swelling around the puncta indicate?
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What is the normal appearance of the iris during an eye assessment?
What is the normal appearance of the iris during an eye assessment?
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What is the term used to describe a constant misalignment of the eyes?
What is the term used to describe a constant misalignment of the eyes?
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Which of the following is an abnormal finding during the cardinal field gaze test?
Which of the following is an abnormal finding during the cardinal field gaze test?
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What is the term used to describe a protruding eyeball, which can be a sign of Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism)?
What is the term used to describe a protruding eyeball, which can be a sign of Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism)?
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Which of the following is a condition where the lower eyelid is everted?
Which of the following is a condition where the lower eyelid is everted?
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Which of the following is a normal finding when inspecting the bulbar conjunctiva?
Which of the following is a normal finding when inspecting the bulbar conjunctiva?
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Which eye muscle strength assessment is performed during the cardinal field gaze test?
Which eye muscle strength assessment is performed during the cardinal field gaze test?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement?
Which of the following is NOT one of the extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement?
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The bulbar conjunctiva covers which part of the eye?
The bulbar conjunctiva covers which part of the eye?
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Which condition is characterized by a lack of coordination between the two eyes?
Which condition is characterized by a lack of coordination between the two eyes?
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Which part of the eye would be assessed to evaluate eye muscle strength?
Which part of the eye would be assessed to evaluate eye muscle strength?
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What is the function of the iris?
What is the function of the iris?
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Nystagmus refers to which of the following conditions?
Nystagmus refers to which of the following conditions?
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Study Notes
Eye Inspection
- Abnormal conjunctiva: conjunctivitis, inflammation, or foreign bodies
- Abnormal episclera: local, noninfectious inflammation of the sclera
- Jaundice/Icterus: yellow sclera
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage: bright red eyes (harmless, disappears in 1-2 weeks)
Palpebral Conjunctiva
- Normal: clear and no swelling or lesions, no foreign bodies or trauma
- Abnormal: cyanosis (lower lid) – heart or lung disorder
- Irritation, burning, pain, and/or swelling of the upper eyelid – foreign body
Lacrimal Apparatus
- Normal: no swelling or redness, visible puncta
- Abnormal: swelling – blockage, infection, or inflammation
- Redness or swelling around puncta – infection or inflammation
- Excessive tearing – nasolacrimal sac obstruction
Cornea and Lens
- Normal: transparent, no opacities; moist cornea; no opacities in the lens
- Abnormal: rough or dry cornea – injury or allergic reaction
- Cataracts – opacities of the lens
Iris and Pupil
- Normal: iris is round, flat, and evenly colored; pupil is round, regular border, centered in iris (3-5mm)
- Abnormal: anisocoria – inequality of pupils
Eye Movement
- Normal: smooth eye movement; symmetric in all six directions
- Abnormal: nystagmus – oscillating movement of the eye (inner ear disorder, multiple sclerosis, brain lesions, or narcotics use)
External Eye Structures
- Normal: eyelids and eyelashes are normal; eyeballs are symmetrical without protrusion or sinking
- Abnormal: ptosis (blepharoptosis) – oculomotor nerve damage
- Entropion – inverted lower lid
- Ectropion – everted lower lid
- Chalazion – infection of the meibomian gland
- Seborrhea/blepharitis
- Exophthalmos – Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)
- Sunken eyes – dehydration or chronic wasting illness
Anatomy and Physiology
- External structure of the eyes: choroid layer, optic disc, retina vessels
- Visual field: conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles
- Internal structure of the eye: retina, optic nerve, light rays, optic nerve impulse, interpretation
- Visual perception: light rays strike the retina, nerve impulse, optic nerve, interpretation
- Visual reflex: pupillary light reflex, accommodation, scalera, cornea, iris, lens
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Description
Test your knowledge on eye examinations including assessment of eye misalignment, phoria, strabismus, tropia, and cardinal field gaze test. Learn the differences between normal findings like fixed straight ahead gaze and abnormal findings like nystagmus.
