Eye Disorders: Glaucoma Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the major risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)?

Family history of glaucoma

IOP greater than 21 mm Hg (correct)

Diabetes mellitus

Age over 50 years

Which medication class is NOT specified for treating POAG?

Prostaglandin analogs

Beta adrenergic blockers

Calcium channel blockers (correct)

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists

What condition can lead to irreversible blindness within 1 to 2 days if not treated?

Chronic open-angle glaucoma

Optic neuritis

Acute angle-closure glaucoma (correct)

Diabetic retinopathy

Which symptom is NOT typical of angle-closure glaucoma?

Painless vision loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systemic effects is associated with beta adrenergic blockers?

Bronchospasms Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient taking beta1 blockers be monitored for?

Bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is a precaution regarding the use of beta2 blockers?

Should not be used for patients with chronic respiratory disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with POAG?

To reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contraindication related to medications in this class?

Pregnancy Risk Category C Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected pharmacological action of osmotic agents?

Decrease intraocular pressure Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect should a nurse monitor for in clients using osmotic agents?

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance Signup and view all the answers

Which serious complication is associated with osmotic agents that requires client education for recognition?

Bone marrow depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing action related to gastrointestinal effects of osmotic agents?

Report GI adverse effects and weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could lead to complications when using osmotic agents?

Electrolyte depletion Signup and view all the answers

What should clients be educated to monitor for while using osmotic agents?

Daily weight changes Signup and view all the answers

What type of allergic reaction should clients be aware of when using osmotic agents?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What should clients with sinus bradycardia avoid when prescribed medication?

Beta blockers Signup and view all the answers

What should diabetic clients do when taking beta blockers?

Monitor their blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

How should brimonidine be administered to clients who wear soft contact lenses?

With lenses removed and a 15-minute wait before reinsertion Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect of oral beta blockers and calcium channel blockers?

Drowsiness and hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is brimonidine's pregnancy risk category?

Category B Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken after administering brimonidine eye drops?

Hold pressure on the nasolacrimal duct for 30 to 60 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which combination medication is classified as Pregnancy Risk Category C?

Apraclonidine, brimonidine, and timolol combination Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper technique for instilling eye drops?

Avoid touching any part of the applicator Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential central nervous system disturbance that may occur with the medication mentioned?

Paresthesias of extremities Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom should a diabetic client monitor for while on this medication?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the prototype medication Pilocarpine?

To reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) Signup and view all the answers

What should clients report if they experience symptoms while on this medication?

Flank pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for using the mentioned medication during pregnancy?

Risk of teratogenic effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may indicate ineffective medication if blood glucose levels remain unstable?

Uncontrolled hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What systemic effect should clients aim to prevent while using this medication?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication that the dosage of Acetazolamide might need to be adjusted?

Increased intraocular pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for viral infections?

Manage manifestations and promote comfort Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be taken before administering penicillin?

Perform a skin test for sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

In children over age 2 with suspected bacterial infections, what is the recommended observation period?

48 to 72 hours Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the incidence of acute otitis media in infants and children?

Yearly influenza immunization Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of otitis externa?

Bacterial infection of the external ear canal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is commonly used for pain relief in children with infections?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

What should be reported to the provider when treating a child with antibiotics?

Severe diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of using penicillin?

Skin rash due to allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological action does ciprofloxacin have?

Bactericidal effect Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom should a client report to the provider when taking ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone?

Dizziness Signup and view all the answers

What is a desirable outcome of using ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone for otitis externa?

Decreased pain and erythema Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is necessary prior to administering ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone?

Question about allergies Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with ciprofloxacin use?

Convulsions Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate the effectiveness of treatment with ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone?

Subsidizing pain and swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which action should a client take to help prevent otitis externa?

Keep ears dry after washing Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible side effect of hydrocortisone when used topically?

Systemic absorption Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eye Disorders

Glaucoma is a frequent cause of blindness, resulting from the buildup of aqueous humor.
Damage to the optic nerve occurs when aqueous humor doesn't exit the anterior chamber.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) increases, leading to vision loss.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type, characterized by gradual peripheral vision loss.
Clients often don't experience symptoms until significant optic nerve damage has occurred.
Symptoms may include halos around lights, loss of peripheral vision, and headaches.
Normal IOP ranges from 10 to 21 mm Hg; anything above 21 mm Hg is a major risk factor for POAG.
Treatment typically involves medication therapy to reduce IOP.
Surgical intervention may be needed if medication is ineffective.
POAG treatment often includes beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha2-adrenergic agonists, prostaglandin analogs, cholinergic agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma is an acute type, requiring immediate treatment.
Characterized by sudden onset of ocular pain, halos around lights, brow pain, nausea, blurred vision, and photophobia.
Rapid treatment with IOP-reducing medications is critical, followed by corrective surgery.
Osmotic agents are initial medications for this type of glaucoma.

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

Beta blockers decrease IOP by reducing aqueous humor production.
Primarily used for treating POAG topically.
Can be combined with other topical medications to further lower IOP.
Occasionally used to treat acute closed-angle glaucoma in emergencies.
Potential side effects include temporary stinging discomfort, occasional conjunctivitis, blurred vision, photophobia, and dry eyes.
Client education involves reporting these effects to the healthcare provider.
Systemic effects of beta-blockade can include bradycardia, bronchospasms, heart block, and hypotension.
Client education focuses on avoiding excessive dosing to prevent these systemic effects and monitoring heart rate.
Contraindicated in clients with severe chronic respiratory diseases as it can constrict airways, increasing risk of bronchospasms.
Caution should be used in clients with sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular (AV) heart block and for clients with heart failure.

Interactions

Oral beta blockers may interact with calcium channel blockers by increasing cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
Beta blockers may interfere with insulin's effects; clients with diabetes should monitor blood glucose levels closely.

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Description

This quiz covers key aspects of glaucoma, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Understand the differences between primary open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma, as well as the significance of intraocular pressure levels. Test your knowledge on the management of this common eye disorder.