Glaucoma: Causes, Types, and Treatment

Glaucoma is a group of chronic, progressive eye disorders characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, leading to vision loss. It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with approximately 80 million people affected, including three million in the United States.

Glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve, which can lead to visual field loss. The most common risk factor is increased eye pressure, which can cause fluid to build up in the eye and lead to damage to the optic nerve. However, glaucoma can also occur with normal eye pressure.

There are several types of glaucoma:

1. Open-angle glaucoma: The most common type, caused by damage to the filter in the eye's drainage canals.
2. Angle-closure glaucoma: A less common type characterized by a rapid blockage of the eye's drainage canals due to a closed or narrow angle between the iris and the cornea.
3. Low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma: A type in which damage occurs to the optic nerve without an increase in eye pressure.
4. Congenital glaucoma: A rare form present at birth.
5. Uveitic (inflammatory) glaucoma: Caused by autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
6. Neovascular glaucoma: Associated with poorly controlled diabetes and other conditions that damage the retina.

Risk factors for glaucoma include race, age, family history, high fluid pressure inside the eyes, and decreased corneal thickness.

Symptoms of glaucoma are often not noticeable in the early stages, making it the "silent blinder." However, symptoms may include blurred vision, halos around lights, and eye pain.

Diagnosis of glaucoma involves a complete medical history and eye examination, as well as tests such as visual acuity, pupil dilation, and visual field testing.

Treatment for glaucoma focuses on lowering intraocular pressure with medications, laser trabeculoplasty, or glaucoma surgery. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing vision loss. Regular eye exams are recommended, especially for those at higher risk.