Eye Contact and Video Communication
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Questions and Answers

What shape did the lines radiating from the center form?

  • Linear arrangement
  • Circular pattern
  • Triangle structure
  • Star-like pattern (correct)

At what distance does the cone of gaze measure 9.3°?

  • 100 cm (correct)
  • 300 cm
  • 200 cm
  • 50 cm

How many degrees downward could L look from the center?

  • 10° (correct)
  • 5°
  • 20°
  • 15°

Which device was NOT mentioned as being used to move L's eyes?

<p>Optical sensor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cone of gaze at a distance of 500 cm?

<p>8.2° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the richest medium of communication in terms of information richness?

<p>Face-to-face communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology significantly advanced the accessibility of video-conferencing?

<p>Smartphones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inclusion of a still photograph in email communication affect the message?

<p>It enhances the intended message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of video-conferencing is exemplified by the requirement of eye contact?

<p>Non-verbal cues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the maximum angle that the eyes could move to the right or left?

<p>10° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of managing rich information, where does video-conferencing rank compared to other forms of communication?

<p>Above email and instant messaging but below face-to-face communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what distance did the cone angle measure 8.2°?

<p>100 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which distance showed a cone angle of 3.9°?

<p>500 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company purchased Skype, a popular video-conferencing software?

<p>Microsoft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement has made video-conferencing more accessible on modern laptops?

<p>Integrated webcams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was observed about gaze perception when L's head was rotated?

<p>Gaze perception shifted more than the head rotation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the effect of head rotation on gaze perception change with distance?

<p>It was greater for the 100 cm distance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the unique role of video-conferencing positively impact in communication?

<p>Visual and verbal communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one method used in the study for participants to estimate gaze direction?

<p>Calibration of the observer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the map task in the study?

<p>To study communication through spoken dialogue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes the participants' task in the map study?

<p>To estimate a looker's gaze direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key benefit of allowing eye contact during communication?

<p>It reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does eye contact affect business transactions?

<p>It improves trust and efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been emphasized in the literature regarding gaze direction sensitivity?

<p>Variations based on gender, culture, and role. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must users mainly rely on for video conferencing, according to the content?

<p>Skype or similar free solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about the amygdala's role in eye contact?

<p>It impairs the ability to establish eye contact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is shown to have face preference induced by taste according to the study mentioned?

<p>9- and 12-week-old human infants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study focused on the human MT/V5 activity related to eye gaze changes?

<p>Human MT/V5 activity and eye gaze changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of enhancing eye contact skills in communication?

<p>It can lead to more effective interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the gaze detection software mentioned?

<p>It distorts head movements exceeding 30°. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can average users improve their video-conferencing experience without extra equipment?

<p>By positioning their image close to the camera's view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it beneficial to understand human perception of gaze during video conferencing?

<p>It allows for the implementation of simpler solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm is mentioned as a way to manage gaze perception during conversations?

<p>It locates the eyes of conversational partners in a downward direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is crucial for gaze-direction according to the mentioned research?

<p>The presence of eye contact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of head movement on gaze detection effectiveness?

<p>Excessive head movement can introduce errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gaze detection, what does 'structural design' refer to?

<p>The software architecture for processing images. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does locating the eyes of conversational partners provide?

<p>It helps maintain a natural gaze in the conversation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the MultiView video-conferencing system?

<p>It provides accurate gaze and gesture direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the amount of cooperative investments compare across different video-conferencing settings?

<p>Similar in face-to-face and directional video-conferencing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor was significantly more fragile in the non-directional video-conferencing system?

<p>Self-reported trust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach was one of the earliest solutions to improve eye contact in video-conferencing?

<p>Designing the video-tunnel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the absence of eye contact have according to the content?

<p>It can adversely affect the impression of personality and emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device is involved in the function of the video-tunnel?

<p>A half-silvered mirror. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which video-conferencing condition reported the lowest level of self-reported trust?

<p>Non-directional video-conferencing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the angle at which the half-silvered mirror is placed in the video-tunnel setup?

<p>45° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cone of Gaze

The area within which a person can perceive something without moving their head.

Gaze Angle

The angle at which an object is perceived by the viewer. It's measured from the center of the eye.

Gaze Calibration

A method of testing where a virtual character's gaze is moved gradually until it appears to be directly at the user.

Gaze Detection Threshold

The point at which a viewer notices that a virtual character is no longer looking at them.

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Virtual Head

A research methodology using a real-world physical head and virtual eyes projected onto a screen to study gaze perception.

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Video-conferencing

A form of communication where people see and hear each other remotely, using technology like computers or smartphones.

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Rich information

A type of information that reduces uncertainty and helps people understand each other better.

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Verbal and non-verbal cues

The way we communicate using spoken words and gestures, like facial expressions or body language.

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Eye contact

Looking directly at someone's eyes, which is important to show you're paying attention and engaged.

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Impact of video-conferencing

How video-conferencing can change how we use both our words and our visual communication.

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Unique properties of video-conferencing

The features of video-conferencing that set it apart from other forms of communication.

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Perceptions

The judgment we form about people and situations based on how we see and hear them.

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Information richness

A measure of how well a communication method helps people understand each other.

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Eye Movement Range

The maximum angle a person's eyes can move left or right.

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Cone of Vision

The angle of vision a person has at a certain distance, measured in degrees.

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Gaze Shift Illusion

The phenomenon where gaze appears shifted more than it actually is when the head is turned.

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Gaze Observation Study

A study design where a participant observes the eye and head movements of another person, often to understand how gaze is used for communication.

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Map Task

A communication task involving two participants working together to share information about differently marked maps.

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Information Transfer

The ability to receive and understand information from another person's actions, like their gaze.

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Effective Communication

The ability to communicate effectively with another person by using gaze, gestures, and speech.

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Directional Video Conferencing

Video conferencing where the camera is placed in front of each person, allowing for a more accurate perspective of others during a call. This helps people feel more like they are in the same room.

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Non-Directional Video Conferencing

Video conferencing where the camera is not positioned to provide a realistic perspective of others. It's like seeing a video call through a distorted lens.

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Trust in Groups

How much a group trusts each other—a measure of their collaborative bond.

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MultiView Video Conferencing

A system that allows everyone to see each other during a video call, and it's designed to make them feel like they are in the same room.

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Eye Contact Perception

The idea of someone looking at you directly during a video call, which affects how you perceive their personality and feelings.

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Parallax in Video Conferencing

The problem of a lack of accurate eye contact in traditional video conferencing, where the camera placement makes it look like someone is staring above your head.

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Solutions to Eye Contact Issues

Hardware and software solutions designed to create a more natural eye contact experience during video conferencing.

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Video Tunnel

A video conferencing system that uses a half-silvered mirror to reflect the other person's face onto the screen, creating a more natural eye contact experience.

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Face Recognition

The ability to recognize faces, a fundamental skill for social interaction and communication.

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Ontogeny of Face Recognition

The development of face recognition abilities from infancy to adulthood.

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Eye Contact in Conversation

Maintaining direct eye contact with another person during conversation is crucial for effective communication and social interaction.

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Amygdala's Role in Eye Contact

The amygdala, a brain region associated with emotions, plays a crucial role in regulating eye contact during social interactions.

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MT/V5 and Eye Gaze Changes

The human brain region involved in processing visual motion, MT/V5, is activated when we observe eye gaze changes in others, indicating its role in understanding social cues.

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Cultural Differences in Eye Contact

Cultural differences in eye contact behavior exist, but the general principle of its importance for communication and trust remains constant across cultures.

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Benefits of Eye Contact

Eye contact can enhance communication effectiveness, build trust, and contribute to successful business transactions.

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Eye Contact in Video Conferencing

Technological advancements, such as video conferencing, have increased the need for effective communication techniques, including appropriate eye contact, to ensure clarity and engagement.

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Gaze Mapping

A software technique that maps a person's face onto a head model and adjusts the appearance of their gaze based on where they are looking.

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Head Movement Limitation

A limitation of gaze mapping software where large head movements (over 30 degrees) cause distortion in the displayed gaze.

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Perception of Downward Gaze

The perception of gaze, particularly when looking downwards, can be quite forgiving, allowing for some error in the displayed direction.

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Eye Location Algorithm

A software algorithm that locates the participant's eyes and positions them near the top of the display, simulating a more natural direction of gaze.

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Simple Video Conferencing Tips

Simple solutions involving positioning the user's image close to the top of the camera's field of view can improve the perceived quality of video conferencing.

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Infant Sensitivity to Eye Contact

Infants are sensitive to deviations in dynamic facial and vocal expressions, especially in regards to eye contact.

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Newborn Preference for Eye Contact

Newborns have an innate preference for faces that establish eye contact, further highlighting the importance of this non-verbal cue.

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Study Notes

Eye Contact and Video-Mediated Communication

  • Video conferencing is a relatively new form of communication, becoming more popular with advancing video technology and increasing demand for real-time communication.
  • Video conferencing is richer than email and telephone, but less informative than face-to-face communication.
  • Eye contact a crucial non-verbal cue in communication.
  • Video conferencing systems can impact visual, verbal, and perceptual communication.
  • Users prefer video conferencing that allows for eye contact.

Eye Contact in Communication

  • Gaze is directed looking at something, while eye contact is gaze directed at another's eyes; mutual eye contact occurs when two people look at each other's eyes simultaneously.
  • During casual conversations, people make eye contact approximately 61% of the time, with about half of that being mutual eye contact. People make eye contact 75% while listening and 41% while speaking.
  • Culture can influence eye contact during conversation. Cultures like Arab, Latin American, and Southern European cultures tend to make more eye contact compared to Asian and Northern European cultures.
  • Females tend to make more eye contact during conversation compared to males.
  • Eye contact sensitivity increases between ages 4-6 and 6-9, decreases between ages 10-12, and then increases again in adulthood.

Attention and Memory

  • Gaze direction can be a powerful indicator of attention.
  • Participants' attention tends to follow another's gaze.
  • Gaze effects are consistent with prioritized visual processing.

Impression Formation

  • Gaze direction influences perceived likeability and attractiveness.
  • Faces making eye contact are considered more likable than faces looking away, particularly by men.
  • Higher levels of romantic love correlate with greater eye contact frequency between couples.
  • Beliefs about eye contact affect perceptions of a person, even if those beliefs are inaccurate.

Eye Contact in Video Conferencing

  • Eye contact is important in video conferencing because people prefer systems that allow for eye contact.
  • Parallax in video conferencing affects perception of eye contact. (Camera above screen, people look down)
  • Users may need to look directly into the camera in order to make eye contact with their partner.
  • Eye contact perception sensitivity varies in video conferencing. (Downward gaze is perceived as eye contact further than horizontal/vertical deviation).
  • Eye contact perception impacts the perception of emotion, trust, and impression formation.

Effects of Eye Contact on Video-Mediated Communications

  • Map tasks are used to analyze the impact that video conferencing and eye contact have on communication efficacy.
  • Communication efficiency is impacted by visibility, increasing amount of turns and words with visibile partners.
  • Trust levels are higher in face-to-face communication compared to video conferencing.
  • Impression formation is directly impacted by video conferencing.
  • Video conferencing users may have differing behaviors compared to face-to-face interaction. This may be due to self-consciousness and potential difficulties in conveying non-verbal information like gaze.

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Eye Contact and Video-Mediated Communication: A Review PDF

Description

Explore the significance of eye contact in video-mediated communication and how it affects interaction. This quiz examines the dynamics of gaze and mutual eye contact in various contexts, including video conferencing. Understand how technological advancements shape our communication experiences.

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