Extravascular Hemolytic Anemia Quiz

Haptoglobin

Defect in Spectrin/Ankyrin

Coombs Test

<p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia is a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia results in pale skin because without the red pigment in the hemoglobin, the patient's skin loses its color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia causes fatigue because without enough red blood cells, there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two ways to approach anemias are inadequate production by the bone marrow and excessive destruction of red blood cells in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) are 13-17 g/dL for males and 11-15 g/dL for females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level is RBC mass over volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The grades of anemia are: Mild: &lt; 11 (or Hct of 33), Moderate: &lt; 9 (or Hct 27), Severe: &lt; 7 (or Hct 21).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glu to Val on position 6 of the Beta Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prussian Blue Stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parvovirus B19</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombosis in unusual sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow Cytometry (CD55 and CD59 detected on surface)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C5 Blockers (Eculizumab, Mepolizumab, Reslizumab, Benralizumab)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase erythropoietin production, increase mitochondria density in the skeletal muscle, and angiogenesis which leads to digital clubbing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis is a dusky blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It is caused by the increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) in the blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central cyanosis is seen when systemic arterial oxygen saturation is decreased, while peripheral cyanosis occurs when more oxygen is taken out by tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patient must have 5 g/dL or more of deoxyhemoglobin in capillary blood for cyanosis to appear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticulocyte count can help determine if the decreased RBC production is due to a bone marrow problem or peripheral causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major ways to approach anemias are checking the reticulocyte count and performing a bone marrow biopsy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase erythropoietin production, increase mitochondria density in the skeletal muscle, angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central and peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemic patient with a Hb of g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males: 13.5-17.5 g/dL, Females: 12.0-15.5 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild: 10-12 g/dL, Moderate: 8-10 g/dL, Severe: &lt;8 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia is a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia causes fatigue because the decrease in red blood cells results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Male: 13 - 17 g/dL Female: 11 - 15 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematocrit (Hct) = RBC mass / volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aplastic anemia is mainly caused by problems in the bone marrow that result in inadequate production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common cause of microcytic anemia is iron deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major ways to approach anemias are inadequate production (bone marrow has problems making RBCs) and excessive destruction (too many RBCs are being destroyed in the body).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue out of proportion to the degree of anemia, Jaundice and pink/red urine, Hemoglobinuria at night or during the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow Cytometry (CD55 and CD59 detected on surface)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parvovirus B19 or drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, or hypothyroidism, or alcohol, or chemotherapy drugs, or anti-convulsive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoocclusion leading to necrosis of various tissues, dactylitis (painful fingers and toes), protection against malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency or thalassemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin from lysed RBCs and brings it to the spleen for removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Coombs test detects antibodies directly on the surface of RBCs, while indirect Coombs test detects antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warm agglutinin disease is the most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfa drugs, alpha-methyldopa, PTU, antimalarials, dapsone, hydralazine, INH, procainamide, penicillamine, phenytoin, and ethusuximide can cause hemolytic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with intravascular hemolytic anemia will have hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia (free hemoglobin in the blood plasma), and decreased serum haptoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major ways to approach anemias are based on the size of red blood cells (MCV) and the amount of hemoglobin (MCHC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia is iron deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction; formation of platelet plug; and formation of fibrin clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stop blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a temporary plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a stable clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>150,000 to 350,000 platelets/microL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acute injury to intact skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets form a plug and clotting factors to change that plug into a fibrin mesh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound clamp down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acute wound can become a chronic one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective GpIIb/IIIa causes Glanzmann thrombasthenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen can bind to GpIIb/IIIa receptors on two different platelets, linking them together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Von Willebrand disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desmopressin (DDAVP) causes Weibel–Palade bodies in endothelial cells to release vWF and factor VIII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ticlopidine inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen to the glycoprotein GpIIb/IIIa receptor on platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clopidogrel can cause Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilostazol inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which prevents the breakdown of cAMP. This leads to inhibition of TXA2 and increased prostacyclin, resulting in decreased platelet aggregation and coronary vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilostazol can cause Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipyridamole potentiates the effects of adenosine, leading to vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipyridamole is generally well-tolerated, but can cause vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune thrombocytopenia is also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ITP is an autoimmune reaction where antibodies are made against antigens on platelets, while TTP occurs when ADAMTS13, a protease that cleaves von Willebrand factor, is impeded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia due to infection can cause symptoms such as fever, rash, and other signs of illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs such as AZT, Vinblastine, Chloramphenicol, and Benzene can cause low platelet levels. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune reaction that can also cause thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug are platelet adhesion to the injured vessel, platelet degranulation, and platelet aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two phases of hemostasis are primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three steps involved in the formation of a blood clot are vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug, and formation of a fibrin clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis is to stop blood loss by narrowing the blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main participant in the formation of a platelet plug is platelet cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main participant in the formation of a fibrin clot (coagulation) is protein clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 350,000 platelets/microL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelet cells form platelet plug by aggregating and sticking to the damaged blood vessel wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is characterized by large platelets, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged bleeding time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by a decrease in von Willebrand factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The types of anti-platelet drugs include ADP-receptor blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, glycoprotein GpIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, and COX inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ticlopidine inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking the ADP receptor on platelet cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clopidogrel can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilostazol inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, leading to increased levels of cAMP, which inhibits TXA2 and promotes vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilostazol can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipyridamole potentiates the effects of adenosine, leading to vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin irreversibly blocks cyclooxygenase (COX), preventing the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and inhibiting platelet aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to autoimmune reaction is immune thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ITP is an autoimmune reaction where antibodies are made against antigens on platelets, while TTP is when ADAMTS13, a protease that cleaves von Willebrand factor, is impeded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In immune thrombocytopenia, the body can make antibodies against platelets on its own or it can be triggered by another condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The common viruses that can cause thrombocytopenia due to infection are Parvovirus B-19, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis E.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drugs such as AZT, Vinblastine, Chloramphenicol, and Benzene can cause thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five stages of wound healing are hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation. In the hemostasis stage, platelets form a plug and clotting factors change the plug into a fibrin mesh. In the inflammation stage, immune cells remove debris and fight infection. In the epithelialization stage, new epithelial cells migrate to cover the wound. In the fibroplasia stage, fibroblasts produce collagen to strengthen the wound. In the maturation stage, the wound remodels and strengthens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets play a crucial role in the wound-healing process. They form a plug at the site of the wound to stop bleeding and release clotting factors that change the plug into a fibrin mesh. This fibrin mesh provides a scaffold for the migration of new cells and helps in wound closure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound plays a vital role in wound healing. It clamps down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis. This stasis helps in the formation of a stable clot and provides time for the clotting factors to bind together and form a fibrin mesh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If any part of the wound healing process breaks down, an acute wound can become a chronic one. Chronic wounds become arrested in one of the five stages of wound healing and cannot progress further. Potential complications include delayed or impaired wound healing, increased risk of infection, and formation of non-healing wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary components involved in the formation of a stable clot are platelets and clotting factors. Platelets form a plug at the site of the wound to stop bleeding, and clotting factors change the plug into a fibrin mesh. This fibrin mesh provides stability to the clot and helps in wound healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The initial response of the body to a wound is hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding. The significance of this response is to prevent excessive blood loss and create an environment conducive to wound healing. Platelets form a plug at the site of the wound, and clotting factors stabilize the plug by forming a fibrin mesh. This response ensures the formation of a stable clot and initiates the subsequent stages of wound healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers