Extravascular Hemolytic Anemia Quiz

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What is the protein that binds free hemoglobin in the spleen?

Haptoglobin

What is the main defect in hereditary spherocytosis?

Defect in Spectrin/Ankyrin

What test is used to detect antibodies that attack RBCs?

Coombs Test

What is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

Iron deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of anemia?

Anemia is a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why does anemia result in pale skin?

Anemia results in pale skin because without the red pigment in the hemoglobin, the patient's skin loses its color. Signup and view all the answers

Why does anemia cause fatigue?

Anemia causes fatigue because without enough red blood cells, there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ways to approach anemias?

The two ways to approach anemias are inadequate production by the bone marrow and excessive destruction of red blood cells in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

The normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) are 13-17 g/dL for males and 11-15 g/dL for females. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level?

The formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level is RBC mass over volume. Signup and view all the answers

What are the grades of anemia based on hemoglobin (Hg) levels?

The grades of anemia are: Mild: < 11 (or Hct of 33), Moderate: < 9 (or Hct 27), Severe: < 7 (or Hct 21). Signup and view all the answers

What is the mutation seen in sickle cell disease?

Glu to Val on position 6 of the Beta Chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test for sideroblastic anemia?

Prussian Blue Stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

Parvovirus B19 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of macrocytic anemia?

Vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the missing protein anchor in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) Signup and view all the answers

What can patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria present with?

Thrombosis in unusual sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

Flow Cytometry (CD55 and CD59 detected on surface) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

C5 Blockers (Eculizumab, Mepolizumab, Reslizumab, Benralizumab) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three adaptations that chronic hypoxia causes?

Increase erythropoietin production, increase mitochondria density in the skeletal muscle, and angiogenesis which leads to digital clubbing. Signup and view all the answers

What is cyanosis and what causes it?

Cyanosis is a dusky blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It is caused by the increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) in the blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?

Central cyanosis is seen when systemic arterial oxygen saturation is decreased, while peripheral cyanosis occurs when more oxygen is taken out by tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How much deoxyhemoglobin in capillary blood is needed for cyanosis to appear?

A patient must have 5 g/dL or more of deoxyhemoglobin in capillary blood for cyanosis to appear. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reticulocyte count in diagnosing anemias?

Reticulocyte count can help determine if the decreased RBC production is due to a bone marrow problem or peripheral causes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

The two major ways to approach anemias are checking the reticulocyte count and performing a bone marrow biopsy. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three adaptations that chronic hypoxia causes?

Increase erythropoietin production, increase mitochondria density in the skeletal muscle, angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of cyanosis?

Central and peripheral Signup and view all the answers

What is the greater risk of cyanosis, a patient with a normal Hb of 17 g/dL or an anemic patient with a Hb of g/dL?

Anemic patient with a Hb of g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

Males: 13.5-17.5 g/dL, Females: 12.0-15.5 g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What are the grades of anemia based on hemoglobin (Hg) levels?

Mild: 10-12 g/dL, Moderate: 8-10 g/dL, Severe: <8 g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What hormone shuts down bone marrow in chronic diseases?

Hepcidin Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of anemia?

Anemia is a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why does anemia cause fatigue?

Anemia causes fatigue because the decrease in red blood cells results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

Male: 13 - 17 g/dL Female: 11 - 15 g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level?

Hematocrit (Hct) = RBC mass / volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

Aplastic anemia is mainly caused by problems in the bone marrow that result in inadequate production of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

The most common cause of microcytic anemia is iron deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

The two major ways to approach anemias are inadequate production (bone marrow has problems making RBCs) and excessive destruction (too many RBCs are being destroyed in the body). Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

Fatigue out of proportion to the degree of anemia, Jaundice and pink/red urine, Hemoglobinuria at night or during the day Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

Flow Cytometry (CD55 and CD59 detected on surface) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

Parvovirus B19 or drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of macrocytic anemia?

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, or hypothyroidism, or alcohol, or chemotherapy drugs, or anti-convulsive drugs Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease?

Vasoocclusion leading to necrosis of various tissues, dactylitis (painful fingers and toes), protection against malaria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

Iron deficiency or thalassemias Signup and view all the answers

What is the missing protein anchor in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

Iron deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of haptoglobin in extravascular hemolytic anemia?

Haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin from lysed RBCs and brings it to the spleen for removal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between direct and indirect Coombs test?

Direct Coombs test detects antibodies directly on the surface of RBCs, while indirect Coombs test detects antibodies in the plasma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Warm agglutinin disease is the most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the drugs that can cause hemolytic anemia?

Penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfa drugs, alpha-methyldopa, PTU, antimalarials, dapsone, hydralazine, INH, procainamide, penicillamine, phenytoin, and ethusuximide can cause hemolytic anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of intravascular hemolytic anemia?

Patients with intravascular hemolytic anemia will have hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia (free hemoglobin in the blood plasma), and decreased serum haptoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

The two major ways to approach anemias are based on the size of red blood cells (MCV) and the amount of hemoglobin (MCHC). Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

The most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia is iron deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of hemostasis?

Primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

Vasoconstriction; formation of platelet plug; and formation of fibrin clot Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis?

To stop blood loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of platelet cells in hemostasis?

To create a temporary plug Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of protein clotting factors in hemostasis?

To create a stable clot Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal count of platelets in circulation?

150,000 to 350,000 platelets/microL Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a wound?

An acute injury to intact skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of wound healing?

Hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in wound healing?

Platelets form a plug and clotting factors to change that plug into a fibrin mesh. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endothelium in wound healing?

The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound clamp down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if any part of the wound healing process breaks down?

An acute wound can become a chronic one. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial stage of wound healing called?

Hemostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ca2+ in the clotting process?

Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Receptor GpIIb/IIIa in platelet aggregation?

Receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of defective GpIIb/IIIa?

Defective GpIIb/IIIa causes Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen in platelet plug formation?

Fibrinogen can bind to GpIIb/IIIa receptors on two different platelets, linking them together. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

Von Willebrand disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for mild bleeding in Von Willebrand disease?

Desmopressin (DDAVP) causes Weibel–Palade bodies in endothelial cells to release vWF and factor VIII. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ticlopidine?

Ticlopidine inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen to the glycoprotein GpIIb/IIIa receptor on platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What are the toxicities associated with clopidogrel?

Clopidogrel can cause Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cilostazol?

Cilostazol inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which prevents the breakdown of cAMP. This leads to inhibition of TXA2 and increased prostacyclin, resulting in decreased platelet aggregation and coronary vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the toxicity associated with cilostazol?

Cilostazol can cause Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of dipyridamole?

Dipyridamole potentiates the effects of adenosine, leading to vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the toxicity associated with dipyridamole?

Dipyridamole is generally well-tolerated, but can cause vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption?

Thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for immune thrombocytopenia?

Immune thrombocytopenia is also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

ITP is an autoimmune reaction where antibodies are made against antigens on platelets, while TTP occurs when ADAMTS13, a protease that cleaves von Willebrand factor, is impeded. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms of thrombocytopenia due to infection?

Thrombocytopenia due to infection can cause symptoms such as fever, rash, and other signs of illness. Signup and view all the answers

What drugs can cause thrombocytopenia?

Drugs such as AZT, Vinblastine, Chloramphenicol, and Benzene can cause low platelet levels. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune reaction that can also cause thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug?

The three steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug are platelet adhesion to the injured vessel, platelet degranulation, and platelet aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of hemostasis?

The two phases of hemostasis are primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps involved in the formation of a blood clot?

The three steps involved in the formation of a blood clot are vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug, and formation of a fibrin clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis?

The main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis is to stop blood loss by narrowing the blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main participant in the formation of a platelet plug?

The main participant in the formation of a platelet plug is platelet cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main participant in the formation of a fibrin clot?

The main participant in the formation of a fibrin clot (coagulation) is protein clotting factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal platelet count?

The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 350,000 platelets/microL. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ca2+ in the clotting process?

Ca2+ is needed by clotting factors to create fibrin clot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Receptor GpIIb/IIIa in platelet aggregation?

Receptor GpIIb/IIIa binds circulating coagulation protein fibrinogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main job of platelet cells in hemostasis?

Platelet cells form platelet plug by aggregating and sticking to the damaged blood vessel wall. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Bernard-Soulier Syndrome?

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is characterized by large platelets, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged bleeding time. Signup and view all the answers

What is Von Willebrand disease?

Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by a decrease in von Willebrand factor. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of anti-platelet drugs?

The types of anti-platelet drugs include ADP-receptor blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, glycoprotein GpIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, and COX inhibitors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ticlopidine?

Ticlopidine inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking the ADP receptor on platelet cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main toxicity associated with clopidogrel?

Clopidogrel can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cilostazol?

Cilostazol inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, leading to increased levels of cAMP, which inhibits TXA2 and promotes vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main toxicity associated with cilostazol?

Cilostazol can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) within the first two weeks of treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of dipyridamole?

Dipyridamole potentiates the effects of adenosine, leading to vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

Aspirin irreversibly blocks cyclooxygenase (COX), preventing the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common causes of thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption?

Thrombocytopenia due to platelet consumption can be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to autoimmune reaction?

The current preferred name for thrombocytopenia due to autoimmune reaction is immune thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

ITP is an autoimmune reaction where antibodies are made against antigens on platelets, while TTP is when ADAMTS13, a protease that cleaves von Willebrand factor, is impeded. Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger the body to make antibodies against platelets in immune thrombocytopenia?

In immune thrombocytopenia, the body can make antibodies against platelets on its own or it can be triggered by another condition. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common viruses that can cause thrombocytopenia due to infection?

The common viruses that can cause thrombocytopenia due to infection are Parvovirus B-19, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis E. Signup and view all the answers

What drugs can cause thrombocytopenia?

Drugs such as AZT, Vinblastine, Chloramphenicol, and Benzene can cause thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of wound healing and what happens in each stage?

The five stages of wound healing are hemostasis, inflammation, epithelialization, fibroplasia, and maturation. In the hemostasis stage, platelets form a plug and clotting factors change the plug into a fibrin mesh. In the inflammation stage, immune cells remove debris and fight infection. In the epithelialization stage, new epithelial cells migrate to cover the wound. In the fibroplasia stage, fibroblasts produce collagen to strengthen the wound. In the maturation stage, the wound remodels and strengthens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in the wound-healing process?

Platelets play a crucial role in the wound-healing process. They form a plug at the site of the wound to stop bleeding and release clotting factors that change the plug into a fibrin mesh. This fibrin mesh provides a scaffold for the migration of new cells and helps in wound closure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endothelium in wound healing?

The endothelium of the small blood vessels within the wound plays a vital role in wound healing. It clamps down to stem the flow of blood, causing fluid stasis. This stasis helps in the formation of a stable clot and provides time for the clotting factors to bind together and form a fibrin mesh. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential complications of a breakdown in the wound healing process?

If any part of the wound healing process breaks down, an acute wound can become a chronic one. Chronic wounds become arrested in one of the five stages of wound healing and cannot progress further. Potential complications include delayed or impaired wound healing, increased risk of infection, and formation of non-healing wounds. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components involved in the formation of a stable clot?

The primary components involved in the formation of a stable clot are platelets and clotting factors. Platelets form a plug at the site of the wound to stop bleeding, and clotting factors change the plug into a fibrin mesh. This fibrin mesh provides stability to the clot and helps in wound healing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial response of the body to a wound, and what is its significance?

The initial response of the body to a wound is hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding. The significance of this response is to prevent excessive blood loss and create an environment conducive to wound healing. Platelets form a plug at the site of the wound, and clotting factors stabilize the plug by forming a fibrin mesh. This response ensures the formation of a stable clot and initiates the subsequent stages of wound healing. Signup and view all the answers

Extravascular Hemolytic Anemia Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the protein that binds free hemoglobin in the spleen?

What is the main defect in hereditary spherocytosis?

What test is used to detect antibodies that attack RBCs?

What is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

What is the definition of anemia?

Why does anemia result in pale skin?

Why does anemia cause fatigue?

What are the two ways to approach anemias?

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

What is the formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level?

What are the grades of anemia based on hemoglobin (Hg) levels?

What is the mutation seen in sickle cell disease?

What is the diagnostic test for sideroblastic anemia?

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

What is the main cause of macrocytic anemia?

What is the missing protein anchor in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

What can patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria present with?

What is the diagnostic test for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

What is the treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

What are the three adaptations that chronic hypoxia causes?

What is cyanosis and what causes it?

What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?

How much deoxyhemoglobin in capillary blood is needed for cyanosis to appear?

What is the significance of reticulocyte count in diagnosing anemias?

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

What are the three adaptations that chronic hypoxia causes?

What are the two types of cyanosis?

What is the greater risk of cyanosis, a patient with a normal Hb of 17 g/dL or an anemic patient with a Hb of g/dL?

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

What are the grades of anemia based on hemoglobin (Hg) levels?

What hormone shuts down bone marrow in chronic diseases?

What is the definition of anemia?

Why does anemia cause fatigue?

What are the normal levels of hemoglobin (Hg) for males and females?

What is the formula for estimating the patient's hematocrit (Hct) level?

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

What are the symptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

What is the diagnostic test for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

What is the main cause of aplastic anemia?

What is the main cause of macrocytic anemia?

What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease?

What is the main cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

What is the missing protein anchor in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?

What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia?

What is the function of haptoglobin in extravascular hemolytic anemia?

What is the difference between direct and indirect Coombs test?

What is the most common type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

What are the drugs that can cause hemolytic anemia?

What are the characteristics of intravascular hemolytic anemia?

What are the two major ways to approach anemias?

What is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?

What are the two phases of hemostasis?

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

What is the main job of vasoconstriction in hemostasis?

What is the main job of platelet cells in hemostasis?

What is the main job of protein clotting factors in hemostasis?

What is the normal count of platelets in circulation?

What is the definition of a wound?

What are the five stages of wound healing?

What is the role of platelets in wound healing?

What is the role of the endothelium in wound healing?

What happens if any part of the wound healing process breaks down?

What is the initial stage of wound healing called?

What is the role of Ca2+ in the clotting process?

What is the function of Receptor GpIIb/IIIa in platelet aggregation?

What is the consequence of defective GpIIb/IIIa?

What is the function of fibrinogen in platelet plug formation?

What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

What is the treatment for mild bleeding in Von Willebrand disease?

What is the mechanism of action of ticlopidine?

What are the toxicities associated with clopidogrel?

What is the mechanism of action of cilostazol?

What is the toxicity associated with cilostazol?

What is the mechanism of action of dipyridamole?