27 Questions
Which tract is responsible for enabling modulation of the stretch reflex by inhibiting extensor motor neurons?
Medullary Reticulospinal Tract
Where does the spinomesencephalic tract carry pain information to?
Midbrain
Which part of the reticulospinal tract remains ipsilateral (does not cross)?
Pontine
What is the function of the descending motor pathway related to pain modulation?
Blocks transmission of pain signals
Where do the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts reside?
Cerebral hemispheres' motor cortex
Which tracts conduct signals regulating subconscious or postural body movements?
Rubrospinal
Where are the lower motor neurons (LMNs) of both pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts located?
Anterior horn of the spinal cord
Which motor tracts relay motor instructions from motor areas of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?
Pyramidal tract
Where do upper motor neurons (UMN) originate?
Cortex
Which tract terminates in the brainstem and synapses on cranial nerve nuclei?
Corticobulbar tract
Where does the corticospinal tract terminate?
Spinal cord
Where do lower motor neurons (LMN) begin?
Brainstem or spinal cord
What type of fibers form the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts?
"Crossed and uncrossed"
What are the specific symptoms associated with lesions of lower motor neurons?
"Flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy, and signal loss"
Which tracts are part of the pyramidal pathways?
Corticospinal tracts
Which system regulates subconscious or postural body movements?
Extrapyramidal system
What role do lesions of upper motor neurons play in muscle tone changes?
Increase muscle tone (spasticity)
Which part of the brain is responsible for transmitting voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles through the corticospinal tract?
Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe
What is the result of lesions of lower motor neurons?
Flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy, and signal loss
Which tract originates from the red nucleus of the midbrain and is involved in the mediation of involuntary movements, muscle tone, posture, and skeletal muscle control?
Rubrospinal tract
Which tract controls movements of the head in response to visual stimuli?
Tectospinal tract
Which tract is essential for maintaining body balance and has two pathways: the lateral vestibulospinal tract and the medial vestibulospinal tract?
Vestibulospinal tract
Which reticulospinal tract influences reflexes and voluntary movements, descends in the anterior column of the spinal cord, and carries autonomic information from the hypothalamus?
Pontine reticulospinal tract
Which pathway of the vestibulospinal tracts regulates muscle tone in response to head movements and receives input from the inner ear via the vestibulocochlear nerve and the cerebellum?
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
What does the tectospinal tract control?
Movements of the head in response to visual stimuli
What is the function of rubrospinal tract?
Maintenance of muscle tone and regulation of motor skills, including hand and finger movements
What is essential for maintaining body balance with two distinct pathways?
Lateral vestibulospinal Tract
Study Notes
Extrapyramidal System (EPS) and its Tracts
- EPS provides postural tone adjustment, preparation of predisposing tonic attitudes for involuntary movements, and control of automatic modifications of tone and movements
- Rubrospinal tract originates from the red nucleus of the midbrain, crosses the midline, and is involved in the mediation of involuntary movements, muscle tone, posture, and skeletal muscle control
- Rubrospinal tract is important for maintenance of muscle tone and regulation of motor skills, including hand and finger movements
- Tectospinal tract begins at the tectum of the midbrain, crosses soon after its origin, and controls movements of the head in response to visual stimuli
- Vestibulospinal tracts are essential for maintaining body balance and have two pathways: the lateral vestibulospinal tract and the medial vestibulospinal tract
- Lateral vestibulospinal tract regulates muscle tone in response to head movements and receives input from the inner ear via the vestibulocochlear nerve and the cerebellum
- Reticulospinal tracts have two pathways: pontine reticulospinal tract from the pons and medullary reticulospinal tract from the medulla
- Pontine tract influences reflexes and voluntary movements, descends in the anterior column of the spinal cord, and carries autonomic information from the hypothalamus
- Medullary tract descends in the lateral column of the spinal cord and influences reflexes, voluntary movements, and autonomic functions
- Both reticulospinal tracts receive input from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
- Rubrospinal tract regulates flexor-extensor tone and mobility between upper and lower limbs
- Tectospinal tract controls postural movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
Test your knowledge about the functions of the extrapyramidal system, which includes postural tone adjustment, control of reflexes, and the preparation of predisposing tonic attitudes for involuntary movements.
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