Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of adding alcoholic KOH in the triglyceride isolation process?
Why is it important to cover the Erlenmeyer flask with a funnel during heating?
What effect does a hydrophobic fatty acid have when added to water?
What indicates that triglycerides are non-polar soluble in CHCl3?
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What is the likely outcome of the translucent spot test on writing paper?
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What must be done during the heating process to maintain proper conditions?
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Which condition can occur in newborns due to carnitine deficiency?
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What percentage of fatty acids in milk are saturated fatty acids?
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What physical property distinguishes the solubility of triglycerides in different solvents?
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What is the role of glass beads added to the Erlenmeyer flask?
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What type of genetic inheritance pattern does systemic carnitine deficiency follow?
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Which fatty acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid found in milk?
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What serious condition may an affected child experience if systemic carnitine deficiency is not detected early?
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What is one possible result of systemic carnitine deficiency affecting fat metabolism?
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Which fatty acids are predominantly present in milk?
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What mutation causes systemic carnitine deficiency?
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What is the primary cause of primary carnitine deficiency?
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Which of the following is associated with secondary carnitine deficiency?
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Which essential fatty acid is classified as omega-3?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of essential fatty acid deficiency?
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What is the primary treatment for primary carnitine deficiency?
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From which sources can linoleic acid primarily be obtained?
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Which symptom is commonly seen in infants with primary carnitine deficiency?
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What is a consequence of low levels of carnitine in the body?
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What is the primary reason that chloroform is used in the extraction of lipids?
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In the extraction process described, what is the purpose of homogenizing the pig's brain with an ether-alcohol mixture?
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When dividing the ether-alcohol extract into two portions, what makes the 2/3 portion particularly significant?
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Why might very long-chain fatty acids be less soluble in aqueous solutions?
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What characteristic of fatty acids explains their solubility in non-polar solvents?
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Which of the following steps is not part of the lipid extraction process outlined?
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What is the role of the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase in fatty acid metabolism?
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What effect does the amphipathic nature of fatty acids have during the extraction process?
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Considering the extraction methodology, what could be a potential challenge when using solely polar solvents?
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What condition can result from impaired utilization of fatty acids during fasting?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of acylcarnitine with CoA inside the mitochondrial matrix?
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What laboratory procedure is recommended for newborn screening to diagnose SCD?
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What is a potential treatment modality for treating SCD?
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What role do long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) play in energy metabolism?
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What is the primary function of fibroblast carnitine transport analysis in diagnosing SCD?
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Which statement about acyl-CoA reformation is true?
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Study Notes
Extraction of Total Lipids
- Homogenize 30 g of pig's brain with an ether-alcohol mixture for 10 minutes to obtain total lipids.
- Filter the resulting mixture; the ether-alcohol extract captures total lipids.
- Divide the extract into two portions: 2/3 for further experiments and 1/3 reserved.
- Evaporate the 2/3 portion over a hot water bath until syrupy.
- Add 10 ml of alcoholic KOH, stir, and heat in a flask with glass beads for 30 minutes, monitoring for water loss.
- Distinct solubility observed: fatty acids are non-polar soluble in chloroform and polar insoluble in water.
Symptoms of Carnitine Deficiency
- Infants: Poor feeding, tiredness, irritability, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
- Childhood: Heart and muscle abnormalities, especially in preterm infants due to insufficient carnitine biosynthesis.
Essential Fatty Acids
- Linoleic Acid (Omega-6): Found in vegetable oils (corn, sunflower, safflower, soybean, seaweed, olive, canola), fish, shellfish, poultry fat, nuts, seeds.
- Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3): Present in plant oils including soybean, canola, and flaxseed.
Symptoms of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
- Scaly dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), thrombocytopenia (very low platelets).
- In children, symptoms include intellectual disability and visual abnormalities.
Fatty Acids in Milk
- Milk contains high levels of saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic) which make up two-thirds of milk fatty acids.
- The predominant unsaturated fatty acid in milk is oleic acid, which has one double bond.
Systemic Carnitine Deficiency (SCD)
- A rare metabolic disorder characterized by the body's inability to properly process fats for energy.
- Caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
- Results in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), seizures, and cardiomyopathy if untreated.
Diagnosis of SCD
- Newborn screening is critical for detecting SCD; tests may include plasma free carnitine concentration, urine organic acid analysis, and fibroblast carnitine transport.
Treatment for SCD
- Management includes L-carnitine supplementation and recommendations to avoid prolonged fasting.
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Description
This quiz covers the principles and methods involved in the extraction of total lipids using non-polar solvents like chloroform. It highlights the importance of hydrophobically associated forms in lipid extraction. Test your knowledge on lipid chemistry and extraction techniques.