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Extraction of Total Lipids Experiment
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Extraction of Total Lipids Experiment

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@VeritableJadeite

Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of adding alcoholic KOH in the triglyceride isolation process?

  • To convert triglycerides into soluble compounds (correct)
  • To increase the temperature of the mixture
  • To initiate a phase separation of fatty acid and water
  • To facilitate the evaporation of water

    • Why is it important to cover the Erlenmeyer flask with a funnel during heating?

  • To facilitate the influx of air into the flask
  • To allow for more efficient stirring of the contents
  • To promote condensation and maintain liquid volume (correct)
  • To prevent loss of volatile components

    • What effect does a hydrophobic fatty acid have when added to water?

  • It enzyme-mediated emulsifies with water
  • It exhibits a prominent hydrophobic state and remains insoluble (correct)
  • It creates a homogenous mixture with water
  • It forms a gel-like structure

    • What indicates that triglycerides are non-polar soluble in CHCl3?

    <p>Absence of milky emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of the translucent spot test on writing paper?

    <p>A semi-transparent spot is observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done during the heating process to maintain proper conditions?

    <p>Occasionally shake the flask and add distilled water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can occur in newborns due to carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Visual abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fatty acids in milk are saturated fatty acids?

    <p>66.67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical property distinguishes the solubility of triglycerides in different solvents?

    <p>Triglycerides exhibit different solubility in polar versus non-polar solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glass beads added to the Erlenmeyer flask?

    <p>To prevent bumping during the heating process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic inheritance pattern does systemic carnitine deficiency follow?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid found in milk?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition may an affected child experience if systemic carnitine deficiency is not detected early?

    <p>Heart muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible result of systemic carnitine deficiency affecting fat metabolism?

    <p>Inability to process fats into energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acids are predominantly present in milk?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mutation causes systemic carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Mutation in the SLC22A5 gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Defects in a membrane transporter for carnitine uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with secondary carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Accumulation of acylcarnitines due to defects in fatty acid oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which essential fatty acid is classified as omega-3?

    <p>Alpha-Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of essential fatty acid deficiency?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for primary carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Carnitine supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which sources can linoleic acid primarily be obtained?

    <p>Vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly seen in infants with primary carnitine deficiency?

    <p>Poor feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of low levels of carnitine in the body?

    <p>Decreased fatty acid metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that chloroform is used in the extraction of lipids?

    <p>It can solubilize long chain fatty acids effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the extraction process described, what is the purpose of homogenizing the pig's brain with an ether-alcohol mixture?

    <p>To break down cellular structures and release total lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dividing the ether-alcohol extract into two portions, what makes the 2/3 portion particularly significant?

    <p>It is designated for the continuation of the experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might very long-chain fatty acids be less soluble in aqueous solutions?

    <p>Their hydrophobic characteristics dominate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of fatty acids explains their solubility in non-polar solvents?

    <p>Their predominant hydrophobic state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is not part of the lipid extraction process outlined?

    <p>Evaporating excess ethanol after extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase in fatty acid metabolism?

    <p>It transports acylcarnitine into the mitochondrial matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the amphipathic nature of fatty acids have during the extraction process?

    <p>It allows them to be extracted with both polar and non-polar solvents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the extraction methodology, what could be a potential challenge when using solely polar solvents?

    <p>It may not isolate the lipids due to their hydrophobic characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from impaired utilization of fatty acids during fasting?

    <p>Non-ketotic hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of acylcarnitine with CoA inside the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory procedure is recommended for newborn screening to diagnose SCD?

    <p>Plasma free carnitine concentration test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment modality for treating SCD?

    <p>L-carnitine supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) play in energy metabolism?

    <p>They are transported to the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblast carnitine transport analysis in diagnosing SCD?

    <p>To determine carnitine transport efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about acyl-CoA reformation is true?

    <p>It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix after acylcarnitine transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Extraction of Total Lipids

    • Homogenize 30 g of pig's brain with an ether-alcohol mixture for 10 minutes to obtain total lipids.
    • Filter the resulting mixture; the ether-alcohol extract captures total lipids.
    • Divide the extract into two portions: 2/3 for further experiments and 1/3 reserved.
    • Evaporate the 2/3 portion over a hot water bath until syrupy.
    • Add 10 ml of alcoholic KOH, stir, and heat in a flask with glass beads for 30 minutes, monitoring for water loss.
    • Distinct solubility observed: fatty acids are non-polar soluble in chloroform and polar insoluble in water.

    Symptoms of Carnitine Deficiency

    • Infants: Poor feeding, tiredness, irritability, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
    • Childhood: Heart and muscle abnormalities, especially in preterm infants due to insufficient carnitine biosynthesis.

    Essential Fatty Acids

    • Linoleic Acid (Omega-6): Found in vegetable oils (corn, sunflower, safflower, soybean, seaweed, olive, canola), fish, shellfish, poultry fat, nuts, seeds.
    • Alpha-Linolenic Acid (Omega-3): Present in plant oils including soybean, canola, and flaxseed.

    Symptoms of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

    • Scaly dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), thrombocytopenia (very low platelets).
    • In children, symptoms include intellectual disability and visual abnormalities.

    Fatty Acids in Milk

    • Milk contains high levels of saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic) which make up two-thirds of milk fatty acids.
    • The predominant unsaturated fatty acid in milk is oleic acid, which has one double bond.

    Systemic Carnitine Deficiency (SCD)

    • A rare metabolic disorder characterized by the body's inability to properly process fats for energy.
    • Caused by mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
    • Results in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), seizures, and cardiomyopathy if untreated.

    Diagnosis of SCD

    • Newborn screening is critical for detecting SCD; tests may include plasma free carnitine concentration, urine organic acid analysis, and fibroblast carnitine transport.

    Treatment for SCD

    • Management includes L-carnitine supplementation and recommendations to avoid prolonged fasting.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the principles and methods involved in the extraction of total lipids using non-polar solvents like chloroform. It highlights the importance of hydrophobically associated forms in lipid extraction. Test your knowledge on lipid chemistry and extraction techniques.

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