Extracellular Matrix and Cartilage Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What information does variable stain intensity provide when examining extracellular matrix?

  • The boundaries between different tissue types.
  • The specific type of collagen present in a particular matrix region.
  • The distribution and relative concentration of sulfated proteoglycans. (correct)
  • The speed at which tissue components shift colors with basic dyes.

Which extracellular matrix region is characterized by the highest concentration of proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and multiadhesive glycoprotein?

  • Territorial matrix.
  • Capsular or Pericellular matrix. (correct)
  • Ground substance matrix
  • Interterritorial matrix.

What is the primary function of the type VI collagen fibrils found in the capsular matrix?

  • To provide structural support to the interterritorial matrix.
  • To facilitate the diffusion of nutrients.
  • To anchor the chondrocyte to the matrix. (correct)
  • To regulate the hydration levels of the matrix.

What color shift is observed when certain tissue components react with basic dyes, according to the description?

<p>From blue to red or purple. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a region of the extracellular matrix identified by stain intensity?

<p>Ground substance matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of cartilage?

<p>Directly transporting nutrients through blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that contributes to the resilience of the cartilage matrix?

<p>The extensive extracellular matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of cartilage that necessitates nutrient diffusion?

<p>Avascular nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a component of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage?

<p>Glycosaminoglycans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is mainly responsible for cartilage elasticity?

<p>Proteoglycan aggregates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly describes the location of chondrocytes in cartilage?

<p>Found within lacunae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the perichondrium in cartilage?

<p>Covering some cartilage types and facilitating appositional growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between cartilage and other connective tissues?

<p>Cartilage does not have a direct blood supply, unlike most other connective tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anchorin CII in hyaline cartilage?

<p>To act as a collagen receptor on chondrocytes and help them anchor to the matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix contributes most significantly to its resilience and water content?

<p>Aggrecan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of calcification of the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix?

<p>Chondrocyte cell death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific property of the ground substance in the hyaline cartilage matrix causes it to stain with basic dyes such as hematoxylin?

<p>Basophilia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides providing tensile strength what important function do Type II collagen fibrils perform within the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix?

<p>Binding aggrecans and supporting them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of multiadhesive glycoproteins within the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix?

<p>To influence the interaction between chondrocytes and matrix molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a major class of molecules in hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix?

<p>Elastin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical application of multiadhesive glycoproteins found in hyaline cartilage?

<p>To serve as markers of cartilage turnover and degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the extracellular matrix is characterized by containing randomly arranged type II collagen fibrils?

<p>Territorial matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chondrocytes found in isogenous groups are best described as:

<p>Newly divided cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with chondrocytes that are actively producing matrix?

<p>Basophilic cytoplasm and large Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the extracellular matrix has the lowest concentration of proteoglycans?

<p>Interterritorial matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the cytoplasm of active chondrocytes appears basophilic?

<p>Active protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clear areas observed within the cytoplasm of older chondrocytes are most likely due to the presence of:

<p>Lipid droplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of chondrocytes within hyaline cartilage?

<p>Singularly or in clusters called isogenous groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The staining intensity of the territorial matrix compared to the capsular matrix is:

<p>Less intense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component is characteristic of chondrocytes as observed under electron microscopy?

<p>Numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant type of collagen secreted by chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?

<p>Type II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the cells when they become fully enclosed by the matrix?

<p>Chondrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the perichondrium?

<p>To facilitate nutrient diffusion and waste exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is signified by the cluster of chondrocytes in the same territorial matrix?

<p>Interstitial growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue forms the perichondrium?

<p>Mesenchymal tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the perichondrium is responsible for creating new chondroblasts?

<p>Inner cellular layer (Chondrogenic layer) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for secreting new cartilage matrix in appositional growth?

<p>Chondroblasts derived from perichondrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which locations is the perichondrium absent?

<p>Articular cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are new cartilage cells derived from during appositional growth?

<p>Inner portion of the perichondrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the hyaline cartilage found on the surfaces of synovial joints?

<p>Articular cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of osteoarthritis regarding the articular cartilage?

<p>Degradation of the extracellular matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the interstitial growth of cartilage?

<p>Growth within an existing cartilage mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial arrangement of daughter cells after a chondrocyte divides during interstitial growth?

<p>They occupy the same lacuna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature differentiates elastic cartilage from other cartilage types?

<p>Anastomosing elastic fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure does not contain elastic cartilage?

<p>Intervertebral discs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor guides the differentiation of perichondrial cells into chondroblasts during appositional growth?

<p>SOX-9 expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the organization of chondrocytes in fibrocartilage?

<p>Dispersed among collagen fibers in rows, singly, or in isogenous groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Types of Cartilage

The three types of cartilage are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Chondroblast

A cell in cartilage that secretes the extracellular matrix.

Chondrocyte

Mature cartilage cell that maintains the cartilage matrix.

Perichondrium

The connective tissue surrounding cartilage that supplies nutrients.

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Cartilage Formation

The process of cartilage development is called chondrogenesis.

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Interstitial Growth

Growth of cartilage from within, occurs in the matrix.

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Appositional Growth

Growth of cartilage by addition of new layers from the outside.

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Matrix Composition

Cartilage matrix consists of collagen fibers and ground substance (proteoglycans).

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Variable Stain Intensity

The varying levels of color intensity observed in tissue samples that indicate the presence of sulfated proteoglycans.

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Capsular Matrix

A dense ring of matrix surrounding chondrocytes, containing high concentrations of proteoglycans and type VI collagen.

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Territorial Matrix

The region of the extracellular matrix surrounding the chondrocytes, with a moderate concentration of matrix components.

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Interterritorial Matrix

Area between territorial matrices, containing lower concentrations of proteoglycans and other components.

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Sulfated Proteoglycans

Complex molecules that bind water and help maintain tissue structure, shifting colors in staining.

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Multiadhesive Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins that help anchor chondrocytes to the extracellular matrix in cartilage.

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Type II Collagen

Main structural component of hyaline cartilage providing tensile strength and framework.

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Aggrecans

Proteoglycans in cartilage that bind water and resist swelling pressure.

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Extracellular Matrix Functions

Supports cartilage shape, tensile strength, and swelling resistance.

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Basophilia

Staining property of the matrix due to negatively charged GAGs binding basic dyes.

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Metachromasia

Change in dye color when binding to certain components in the matrix.

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Cartilage Calcification

Process that can lead to chondrocyte death and loss of cartilage function.

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Isogenous Groups

Clusters of newly divided chondrocytes that are formed together as they secrete matrix material.

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Chondrocyte Activity Levels

Chondrocyte cytoplasm appearance changes based on activity; active ones are basophilic, indicating protein synthesis.

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Basophilic Cytoplasm

Indicates high protein synthesis activity in chondrocytes due to increased ribosome presence.

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Older Chondrocytes

Less active chondrocytes containing glycogen and lipid droplets, often appearing as clear areas under a microscope.

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Lipid Droplets in Chondrocytes

Storage fat seen as clear areas within less active chondrocytes' cytoplasm.

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Chondroblast Functions

Chondroblasts are cells that secrete the cartilage matrix and move apart during deposition.

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Isogenic Clusters

Isogenic cell clusters are groups of chondrocytes that arise from the division of single chondrocytes in the matrix.

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Stages of Chondrogenesis

Chondrogenesis involves mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiating into chondroblasts and then to chondrocytes.

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SOX-9

SOX-9 is a transcription factor that guides the differentiation of inner perichondrial cells into chondroblasts during appositional growth.

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Functions of Chondrocytes

Chondrocytes secrete collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins.

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Collagen Type II

The most numerous collagen type secreted by chondrocytes.

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Perichondrium Composition

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue around cartilage.

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Chondrogenic Layer

The inner layer of perichondrium that produces new cartilage cells.

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Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering synovial joint surfaces without perichondrium.

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Osteoarthritis

A degenerative disease affecting articular cartilage.

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Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage containing elastin that grants elasticity.

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Distribution of Elastic Cartilage

Found in the ear, Eustachian tube, and epiglottis.

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Fibrocartilage Composition

A mix of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage.

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Chondrocyte Arrangement in Fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes are dispersed in rows or groups within collagen.

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Study Notes

Cartilage Overview

  • Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that combines rigidity, elasticity, and resilience.
  • It's crucial for fetal skeletal development and growing bones.
  • The matrix of cartilage is predominantly composed of extracellular matrix (approximately 95%).
  • The remaining 5% consists of chondrocytes.

Cartilage Types

  • Hyaline:

    • Found in the nasal septum, larynx, trachea, and costal cartilages.
    • Contains Type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
    • The matrix appears glassy in a living state.
    • Has lacunae containing chondrocytes.
    • Chondrocytes secrete the extracellular matrix.

  • Elastic:

    • Characterized by elastin fibers; prominent in the external ear and epiglottis.
    • Contains Type II collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, and elastic fibers.
    • Provides flexibility and elasticity.

  • Fibrocartilage:

    • Predominantly found in the intervertebral discs and menisci.
    • Contains Type I and II collagen, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
    • Provides high tensile strength and resistance to compression.
    • Chondrocytes are dispersed and often arranged in rows or isogenous groups.

Cartilage Matrix

  • The extracellular matrix is composed of collagen fibers (mostly Type II), proteoglycans (e.g., aggrecan), and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
  • The sulfated ground substance exhibits basophilia and metachromasia.

Extracellular Matrix Components

  • Collagen:

    • Primarily Type II collagen.
    • Provides tensile strength and shape to the cartilage.
    • Binds aggrecans.
    • Creates a framework to resist swelling pressure from proteoglycans.

  • Proteoglycans:

    • Aggrecan is the major proteoglycan.
    • Binds water molecules with high affinity (up to 60-80%).
    • Contributes to cartilage resilience and diffusion of metabolites.

Perichondrium

  • A layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hyaline and elastic cartilage.
  • Composed of indistinguishable cells, similar to fibroblasts.
  • Rich in blood vessels.
  • Facilitates nutrient diffusion and waste product removal between the perichondrium and cartilage matrix.
  • Has an inner chondrogenic layer and an outer fibrous layer.
  • Not present in articular cartilage.

Cartilage Growth

  • Appositional growth:
    • New cartilage forms on the surface of existing cartilage.
    • Chondroblasts differentiate from the inner layer of perichondrium.
  • Interstitial growth:
    • New cartilage forms within existing cartilage.
    • Chondrocytes divide within their lacunae, creating new lacunae.

Cartilage Repair

  • Cartilage has limited repair capacity due to its avascular nature.
  • Immoblity and limited ability for mature chondrocytes to proliferate.
  • Formation of new blood vessels may lead to bone formation instead of cartilage repair.

Cartilage Calcification

  • Calcification occurs in growing bones, in articular cartilage at bone surfaces, and during aging.
  • Calcification leads to chondrocyte death and subsequent matrix removal via phagocytes.

Chondrocytes

  • Located within lacunae of the cartilage matrix.
  • Active chondrocytes show basophilic cytoplasm due to protein synthesis.
  • Older/less active chondrocytes contain lipid droplets and glycogen.
  • Chondrocytes secrete collagen, proteoglycans, and multi-adhesive glycoproteins.

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