Exploring the Acquisition of Knowledge

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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what is the cardinality principle?

The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection (correct)
The ability to map larger numbers
The process of parallel individuation of small sets
The recognition of numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger

According to the text, what is the process of parallel individuation of small sets?

The ability to map larger numbers
The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection
The recognition of numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger
Infants putting objects into pre-existing slots to compare magnitude (correct)

According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

To put objects into pre-existing slots to compare magnitude
To understand the cardinality principle
To recognize numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger
To gain the ability to map larger numbers (correct)

According to the text, what is analog magnitude representation?

Proportional understanding of numbers and magnitude (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what did the Xu and Spelke 2000 study show?

Infants can discriminate between different quantities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did the paper on infants' choice of more find?

Infants consistently choose larger quantities when given 1 or 3 cookies (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is Weber's Law?

$\frac{\Delta I},{I} = K$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

To link new concepts to existing concepts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Xu and Spelke 2000 study show?

Infants can discriminate between different quantities (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardinality principle?

The belief that larger quantities are represented by larger numbers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is Weber's Law?

The proportionality between analog magnitudes and numbers (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the cardinality principle refer to?

The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

To help children understand that the counting words correspond to specific quantities (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, how do infants learn the word 'five' differently from the word 'four'?

Infants will only recognize numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger than what they know (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature vs nurture debate in language learning primarily focused on?

The impact of environmental factors on language learning (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, how do we learn new language?

Through reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Chomsky's view differ from Skinner's view on language learning?

Chomsky believes language learning is influenced by genetics, while Skinner believes it is a response to stimuli. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Chomsky's view on language?

Language is a hard-wired ability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the study of the rules governing the combination of sounds in language?

Phonology (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of a word that has meaning called?

Morpheme (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neural plasticity' refer to?

The brain's ability to restructure itself when learning new things (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Skinner's and Chomsky's views on language learning?

Skinner believed that language acquisition is a complex reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli, while Chomsky believed that the same stimulus can elicit different behaviors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature vs nurture debate in language learning primarily focused on?

The role of both genetics and environmental factors in language learning (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, how do we learn new language?

Through reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the behaviorist approach to language learning?

Language learning is a process of operant conditioning. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where infants are able to distinguish speech sounds from different languages shortly after birth?

Phonology (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Chomsky, what is the basis for language learning in children?

Inherent abilities and a Universal Grammar (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles is NOT one of the four foundational principles of computation in cognitive science?

Mandatory processing (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to David Marr's levels of analysis, which level identifies the problem that you're trying to solve?

Computational (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the concept of operant conditioning in behaviorism?

BF Skinner (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of double dissociation?

The ability to recognize objects but not faces (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Balint's Syndrome?

Simultagnosia - the ability to perceive only one object at a time (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aphasia is characterized by proper syntax but devoid of meaning?

Wernicke's aphasia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical period in the context of brain development?

A specific time window during which certain experiences are necessary for normal development (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Chomsky, what is the key factor that distinguishes humans from ChatGPT in terms of intelligence?

Humans have universal grammar (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of Google Translate, according to the text?

Google Translate doesn't try to understand, just tries to decode (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the crux of machine learning, according to Chomsky?

The ability to describe and predict (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?

Exogenous attention is externally-driven and passive, while endogenous attention is volitional and active (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of subliminal messaging?

To pass messages to the mind without conscious awareness (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main finding of Jiang et al's study on invisible images?

The presence of invisible stimuli can change the spatial distribution of attention (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention?

Late selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of low-level features, while early selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of only semantic information (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key concept discussed in the text?

Simultagnosia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Balint's Syndrome?

Inability to perceive more than one object at a time (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Wernicke's aphasia?

Devoid of syntax but proper meaning (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which side of the brain controls language?

Left side (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main focus of the nature vs. nurture debate in language learning?

Language development (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main limitation of Google Translate?

Inability to handle complex sentences (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the process of inferring the cause from the effects in color perception?

Inverse Problem (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four foundational principles of computation in cognitive science?

Materialism (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the highest level of analysis in Marr's Levels of Analysis?

Computational (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main contribution of BF Skinner in the field of cognitive science?

Operant conditioning (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main contribution of David Marr in the field of cognitive science?

Levels of analysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the physical system that operates on informational input?

Turing Machine (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between rationalists and empiricists in the context of computation in cognitive science?

Rationalists focus on computation, while empiricists focus on reduction (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the use of stimuli and rewards to create reinforced behaviors?

Operant conditioning (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Chomsky, what is the key factor that distinguishes humans from ChatGPT in terms of intelligence?

Humans can think in alternative possibilities for past & future events (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of Google Translate, according to the text?

Google Translate doesn't try to understand, just tries to decode (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

To learn the concept of analog magnitude representation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention?

Late selection theory suggests that attention occurs after processing sensory information, while early selection theory suggests that attention occurs before processing sensory information (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?

Exogenous attention is involuntary and driven by external stimuli, while endogenous attention is voluntary and driven by internal goals (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, how do infants learn the word 'five' differently from the word 'four'?

Infants learn the word 'five' through exposure to the concept of analog magnitude representation, while they learn the word 'four' through exposure to the concept of cardinality (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the process of parallel individuation of small sets?

The process of distinguishing between different types of number representations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did the paper on infants' choice of more find?

Infants consistently choose the larger quantity when presented with two sets of objects (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the concept of operant conditioning in behaviorism?

Skinner (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main finding of the study by Friedmann on language development during the critical period?

Humans have a critical period for developing language during their first year of life. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention, according to the text?

Late selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of low-level features, while early selection theory suggests that only semantic processing occurs after passing through a bottleneck. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main limitation of Google Translate?

The main limitation of Google Translate is its lack of understanding of context and nuances in language. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main finding of the study by Jiang et al on the spatial attentional effect of invisible images, according to the text?

The study showed that the spatial distribution of attention can be changed by the presence of invisible stimuli. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention, according to the text?

Exogenous attention is externally-driven and passive, while endogenous attention is volitional and active. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention, according to the text?

According to the text, what is the main finding of the study by Friedmann on language development during the critical period?

Humans have a critical period for developing language during their first year of life. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardinality Principle

Understanding that a set's quantity remains constant regardless of arrangement.

Parallel Individuation

Quickly and accurately identifying the number of items in a small set.