Exploring the Acquisition of Knowledge
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According to the text, what is the cardinality principle?

  • The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection (correct)
  • The ability to map larger numbers
  • The process of parallel individuation of small sets
  • The recognition of numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger

    • According to the text, what is the process of parallel individuation of small sets?

  • The ability to map larger numbers
  • The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection
  • The recognition of numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger
  • Infants putting objects into pre-existing slots to compare magnitude (correct)

    • According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

  • To put objects into pre-existing slots to compare magnitude
  • To understand the cardinality principle
  • To recognize numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger
  • To gain the ability to map larger numbers (correct)

    • According to the text, what is analog magnitude representation?

    <p>Proportional understanding of numbers and magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did the Xu and Spelke 2000 study show?

    <p>Infants can discriminate between different quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the paper on infants' choice of more find?

    <p>Infants consistently choose larger quantities when given 1 or 3 cookies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Weber's Law?

    <p>$\frac{\Delta I},{I} = K$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

    <p>To link new concepts to existing concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Xu and Spelke 2000 study show?

    <p>Infants can discriminate between different quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cardinality principle?

    <p>The belief that larger quantities are represented by larger numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Weber's Law?

    <p>The proportionality between analog magnitudes and numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what does the cardinality principle refer to?

    <p>The understanding that the last count word in the counting sequence represents the total number of items in the collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

    <p>To help children understand that the counting words correspond to specific quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, how do infants learn the word 'five' differently from the word 'four'?

    <p>Infants will only recognize numbers that are higher than their known numbers as quantities that are much larger than what they know</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature vs nurture debate in language learning primarily focused on?

    <p>The impact of environmental factors on language learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner, how do we learn new language?

    <p>Through reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Chomsky's view differ from Skinner's view on language learning?

    <p>Chomsky believes language learning is influenced by genetics, while Skinner believes it is a response to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Chomsky's view on language?

    <p>Language is a hard-wired ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the rules governing the combination of sounds in language?

    <p>Phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest unit of a word that has meaning called?

    <p>Morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'neural plasticity' refer to?

    <p>The brain's ability to restructure itself when learning new things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Skinner's and Chomsky's views on language learning?

    <p>Skinner believed that language acquisition is a complex reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli, while Chomsky believed that the same stimulus can elicit different behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature vs nurture debate in language learning primarily focused on?

    <p>The role of both genetics and environmental factors in language learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner, how do we learn new language?

    <p>Through reinforcement of verbal responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the behaviorist approach to language learning?

    <p>Language learning is a process of operant conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where infants are able to distinguish speech sounds from different languages shortly after birth?

    <p>Phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky, what is the basis for language learning in children?

    <p>Inherent abilities and a Universal Grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles is NOT one of the four foundational principles of computation in cognitive science?

    <p>Mandatory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to David Marr's levels of analysis, which level identifies the problem that you're trying to solve?

    <p>Computational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the concept of operant conditioning in behaviorism?

    <p>BF Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of double dissociation?

    <p>The ability to recognize objects but not faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Balint's Syndrome?

    <p>Simultagnosia - the ability to perceive only one object at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia is characterized by proper syntax but devoid of meaning?

    <p>Wernicke's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical period in the context of brain development?

    <p>A specific time window during which certain experiences are necessary for normal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky, what is the key factor that distinguishes humans from ChatGPT in terms of intelligence?

    <p>Humans have universal grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Google Translate, according to the text?

    <p>Google Translate doesn't try to understand, just tries to decode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the crux of machine learning, according to Chomsky?

    <p>The ability to describe and predict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?

    <p>Exogenous attention is externally-driven and passive, while endogenous attention is volitional and active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of subliminal messaging?

    <p>To pass messages to the mind without conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main finding of Jiang et al's study on invisible images?

    <p>The presence of invisible stimuli can change the spatial distribution of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention?

    <p>Late selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of low-level features, while early selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of only semantic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key concept discussed in the text?

    <p>Simultagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Balint's Syndrome?

    <p>Inability to perceive more than one object at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Devoid of syntax but proper meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which side of the brain controls language?

    <p>Left side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main focus of the nature vs. nurture debate in language learning?

    <p>Language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main limitation of Google Translate?

    <p>Inability to handle complex sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the process of inferring the cause from the effects in color perception?

    <p>Inverse Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four foundational principles of computation in cognitive science?

    <p>Materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the highest level of analysis in Marr's Levels of Analysis?

    <p>Computational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main contribution of BF Skinner in the field of cognitive science?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main contribution of David Marr in the field of cognitive science?

    <p>Levels of analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the physical system that operates on informational input?

    <p>Turing Machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between rationalists and empiricists in the context of computation in cognitive science?

    <p>Rationalists focus on computation, while empiricists focus on reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the use of stimuli and rewards to create reinforced behaviors?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky, what is the key factor that distinguishes humans from ChatGPT in terms of intelligence?

    <p>Humans can think in alternative possibilities for past &amp; future events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Google Translate, according to the text?

    <p>Google Translate doesn't try to understand, just tries to decode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the purpose of bootstrapping in number development?

    <p>To learn the concept of analog magnitude representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention?

    <p>Late selection theory suggests that attention occurs after processing sensory information, while early selection theory suggests that attention occurs before processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention?

    <p>Exogenous attention is involuntary and driven by external stimuli, while endogenous attention is voluntary and driven by internal goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, how do infants learn the word 'five' differently from the word 'four'?

    <p>Infants learn the word 'five' through exposure to the concept of analog magnitude representation, while they learn the word 'four' through exposure to the concept of cardinality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the process of parallel individuation of small sets?

    <p>The process of distinguishing between different types of number representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the paper on infants' choice of more find?

    <p>Infants consistently choose the larger quantity when presented with two sets of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the concept of operant conditioning in behaviorism?

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main finding of the study by Friedmann on language development during the critical period?

    <p>Humans have a critical period for developing language during their first year of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention, according to the text?

    <p>Late selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of low-level features, while early selection theory suggests that only semantic processing occurs after passing through a bottleneck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main limitation of Google Translate?

    <p>The main limitation of Google Translate is its lack of understanding of context and nuances in language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding of the study by Jiang et al on the spatial attentional effect of invisible images, according to the text?

    <p>The study showed that the spatial distribution of attention can be changed by the presence of invisible stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention, according to the text?

    <p>Exogenous attention is externally-driven and passive, while endogenous attention is volitional and active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention, according to the text?

    <p>Late selection theory suggests that attention affects processing of low-level features, while early selection theory suggests that only semantic processing occurs after passing through a bottleneck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main finding of the study by Friedmann on language development during the critical period?

    <p>Humans have a critical period for developing language during their first year of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Number Development

    • The cardinality principle refers to the understanding that a set of items has a specific quantity, regardless of how they are arranged or perceived.
    • The process of parallel individuation of small sets is a process by which infants quickly and accurately identify the number of items in a small set.
    • Bootstrapping in number development is the process of using previous knowledge to build new understanding, such as using the concept of "one" to understand the concept of "two".

    Language Learning

    • The nature vs nurture debate in language learning is primarily focused on whether language is innate or acquired through experience.
    • According to Skinner, language is learned through operant conditioning, where behavior is modified by its consequences.
    • Chomsky's view differs from Skinner's in that Chomsky believes language is innate and that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition.
    • The term used to describe the study of the rules governing the combination of sounds in language is phonology.
    • The smallest unit of a word that has meaning is called a morpheme.

    Cognitive Science

    • The term used to describe the phenomenon where infants are able to distinguish speech sounds from different languages shortly after birth is language acquisition device.
    • Neural plasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself in response to new experiences.
    • The main difference between Skinner's and Chomsky's views on language learning is that Skinner believes language is acquired through experience, while Chomsky believes it is innate.

    Attention

    • The main difference between exogenous and endogenous attention is that exogenous attention is driven by external stimuli, while endogenous attention is driven by internal goals and expectations.
    • The main difference between late selection and early selection theories of attention is that late selection theories propose that attention is focused on certain stimuli after they have been processed, while early selection theories propose that attention is focused on certain stimuli before they are processed.

    Other Concepts

    • Weber's Law states that the just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus.
    • The Xu and Spelke 2000 study showed that infants are able to understand the concept of "one" and can differentiate between one and two objects.
    • The paper on infants' choice of more found that infants are able to choose the larger of two sets of objects.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on real world knowledge acquisition and conceptual development with this quiz. Explore topics such as number cognition, quantity representation, and the linking of concepts. Challenge yourself to understand how we acquire knowledge about numbers and quantities.

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