50 Questions
What type of design involves no active manipulation and often looks at many more variables than an experiment/quasi-experiment?
Non-experimental fixed design
Which design might examine the relationship between physician age and type of care received?
Relational design
What does a cross-sectional survey primarily involve?
Observing many variables at once
In which type of design is the focus on examining differences between groups, such as whether females perform better than males in a course?
Comparative design
Which design gives a picture of something at one point in time by looking at many variables at once?
Cross-sectional survey
What is the purpose of pilot testing a survey or instrument?
To assess how well the questionnaire works before administration
What is the main difference between a highly structured survey and a flexible survey?
Highly structured surveys use fixed design with close-ended questions, while flexible surveys allow rewording and reordering of questions
What is the primary function of the multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
To assess the relationships between different concepts using various methods
In the context of reliability and validity, what does it mean if a measure is valid but not reliable?
The measure assesses things related to the target concept, but the responses are inconsistent
What is the most common type of scaling used for responses in developing a measure from scratch?
Likert scaling
What is the purpose of power analysis in survey research?
To determine if a study has a large enough sample size to detect differences or relationships
What influences the decision between sample and census approaches in survey research?
Feasibility, availability of a list, and the need to survey sub-groups
What is the main concern regarding paper/online surveys in survey research?
Question reliability and response rates
What is the primary factor impacting the generalizability of survey findings?
The representativeness of the sampling frame
When are in-person interviews considered suitable in survey research?
For non-threatening situations
What is the rule of thumb for adequate power in determining the likelihood of detecting a relationship in a study?
80%
Which sampling method allows for generalization from the sample to the population?
Simple random sampling
When is cluster sampling used?
When a complete list of the population is not available
What is crucial for increasing the generalizability of a survey?
Enhancing response rates
What should the cover letter for a survey include?
Study title, purpose, participant obligations, risks, benefits, and privacy assurances
What is the advised time to avoid conducting surveys?
During Christmas and summer holiday times
What is the estimated time for data collection with reminders and one follow-up?
At least two months
What should good questionnaire measures ensure?
Clear, easy to recall, relevant, and valid
What do behavior-focused questions in surveys measure?
What people say they do
What are important aspects of good measures in surveys?
Reliability and construct validity
What does a reliability estimate value (range 0-1) indicate?
The proportion of variability in the measure attributable to the true score
What is participative leadership?
A managerial style that encourages input from employees on company decisions
What does construct validity assess?
The logic of items that make up measures of social concepts and requires a clear theoretical basis and measurable indicators
What is criterion-related validity concerned with examining?
Whether a measure relates to other constructs as expected, including predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity
What does factor analysis assess?
The dimensionality of a construct by uncovering the underlying structure of a set of variables and identifying clusters of highly correlated items
What is the primary purpose of pilot testing a survey or instrument?
To assess how well a questionnaire works prior to administration
In the context of reliability and validity, what does it mean if a measure is valid but not reliable?
The measure consistently captures the concept being studied, but it is not stable or consistent over time
What is the main difference between a highly structured survey and a flexible survey?
A highly structured survey uses fixed, close-ended questions, while a flexible survey allows for rewording and reordering of questions
What is the primary function of the multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
To assess convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity using relational approaches and multiple methods
What does construct validity assess?
The extent to which a measure assesses the intended theoretical construct
What is the primary purpose of developing a measure from scratch?
To create a reliable and valid instrument for assessing a specific concept
What is the estimated time for data collection with reminders and one follow-up?
This varies based on the nature of the survey and the target population
What does criterion-related validity concern examining?
The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome or criterion
What do behavior-focused questions in surveys measure?
Responses related to specific actions or behaviors of individuals
What is the primary factor impacting the generalizability of survey findings?
The representativeness of the sample in relation to the target population
What is the primary purpose of pilot testing a survey or instrument?
To assess how well a questionnaire works prior to administration
What is the primary function of the multitrait-multimethod matrix approach in research?
To achieve reliability and validity in measurement
What is the main concern regarding paper/online surveys in survey research?
Response bias
What is the most common type of scaling used for responses in developing a measure from scratch?
Likert
What is crucial for increasing the generalizability of a survey?
Using a representative sample
What does construct validity assess?
The extent to which a measure assesses the intended construct
What is the primary factor impacting the generalizability of survey findings?
Sample representativeness
What is the purpose of power analysis in survey research?
To determine the likelihood of detecting a relationship in a study
When are in-person interviews considered suitable in survey research?
When in-depth understanding is needed
What is the main difference between a highly structured survey and a flexible survey?
The ability to reword or reorder questions
Study Notes
Measuring Reliability, Participative Leadership, and Construct Validity
- Reliability refers to the consistency of an item, scale, or instrument when administered at different times, locations, or populations.
- A reliability estimate value (range 0-1) indicates the proportion of variability in the measure attributable to the true score.
- Participative leadership involves a managerial style that encourages input from employees on company decisions.
- Construct validity assesses the logic of items that make up measures of social concepts and requires a clear theoretical basis and measurable indicators.
- Criterion-related validity examines whether a measure relates to other constructs as expected, including predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity.
- A self-report measure of clinicians' orientation toward integrative medicine involved developing and revising a questionnaire to reflect key domains of integrative medicine.
- The questionnaire's reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and its construct validity was evaluated using a relational approach.
- The dimensionality of a construct refers to whether it is one-dimensional or has multiple dimensions/factors, such as job satisfaction or safety culture.
- Factor analysis is used to assess the dimensionality of a construct by uncovering the underlying structure of a set of variables and identifying clusters of highly correlated items.
- Methods for estimating reliability include split-half reliability and test-retest reliability, which looks at inter-item correlations and can be established in experimental and quasi designs.
- Establishing construct validity is challenging and involves assessing face and content validity, as well as using a relational approach.
- Relational approaches in construct validity include examining associations between scores and other relevant items or constructs to assess the measure's validity.
Test your knowledge of reliability, participative leadership, and construct validity with this quiz. Explore concepts such as reliability estimates, participative leadership styles, and methods for assessing construct validity, including factor analysis and relational approaches. Gain insight into the dimensions of constructs and the challenges of establishing construct validity.
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