Psychology Chapter on Abnormality Assessment
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a measure of the Big Five personality traits?

  • Openness to Experience
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
  • Somatization (correct)

    • Which of the following is a measure of psychological symptoms?

  • NEO PI-R
  • SCL 90-R (correct)
  • WAIS
  • CBCL

    • What is the purpose of direct observation of behavior?

  • To measure personality traits
  • To observe behavior as it occurs (correct)
  • To measure psychological symptoms
  • To assess intelligence

    • What is the name of the real-time data collection method used in experience sampling?

    <p>Ecological Momentary Assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

    <p>Social Problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype?

    <p>Stereotype threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of child behavior?

    <p>CBCL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between self-monitoring and experience sampling?

    <p>Self-monitoring is conducted in real time, while experience sampling is conducted over a longer period of time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does observing one’s behavior affect self-monitoring?

    <p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of direct observation of behavior?

    <p>Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neuropsychological tests can pinpoint specific areas of cognitive impairment?

    <p>Halstead-Reitan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of functional brain imaging?

    <p>To study abnormal brain activity related to psychological disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is used to measure the brain's electrical activity via electrodes placed on the scalp?

    <p>Electroencephalogram (EEG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fMRI measure to detect changes in brain activity?

    <p>Blood flow to brain tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural neuroimaging technique?

    <p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of metabolite assays in neurotransmitter assessment?

    <p>They may reflect neurotransmitter levels in other areas of the body, not just the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common application of neuropsychological testing?

    <p>Measuring intelligence and cognitive abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major advantage of MRI over CT scans?

    <p>MRI does not involve radiation exposure, making it safer for patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known group paradigm example for validating a measure of eating disorder symptoms?

    <p>Comparing scores on the BSQ between women who engage in regular exercise and women who do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convergent validity is established when a measure:

    <p>Demonstrates a strong correlation with a measure of a similar construct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discriminant validity is established when a measure:

    <p>Shows a weak correlation with a measure of a similar construct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)?

    <p>The DSM-5-TR lacks a strong research base to support its diagnostic thresholds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DSM-5-TR offer as a benefit of diagnosis?

    <p>A standardized language for communication about mental health conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of major depressive disorder according to the criteria outlined in the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized advantage of using a categorical classification approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>It enables researchers to study and investigate disorders effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5-TR advocates for a _______ approach in diagnosing mental disorders.

    <p>Categorical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the DSM-5-TR's continued expansion of diagnostic categories?

    <p>To align with the latest scientific research on mental health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that could affect the course, prevalence, or prognosis of a mental disorder?

    <p>Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of reliability used to assess construct validity?

    <p>Convergent validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reliability is MOST relevant for observational measures?

    <p>Interrater reliability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of internal reliability?

    <p>Agreement between raters or observers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the strongest evidence for validity, as per the content?

    <p>Criterion validity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of construct validity?

    <p>Determining if a measurement tool is measuring what it is supposed to measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a construct that is typically expected to be relatively stable over time?

    <p>Intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these situations is NOT relevant to test-retest reliability?

    <p>Evaluating the agreement between two independent observers on the number of times a child displays aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between criterion validity and convergent validity?

    <p>Criterion validity focuses on the relationship between a measure and a concrete behavioral outcome, while convergent validity assesses how well a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of two or more diagnoses in an individual?

    <p>Comorbidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of criterion validity?

    <p>A test that predicts a person's likelihood of developing a disorder. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a kappa value used to assess?

    <p>The reliability of a diagnostic category. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a structured clinical interview?

    <p>It involves asking all interviewers the same questions in a predetermined order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the mental status exam?

    <p>To assess a client's cognitive functioning and emotional state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of the DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Its limited empirical support for the validity of some diagnostic categories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT one of the major reasons you must obtain informed consent from a client?

    <p>To get a better understanding of the client’s presenting problem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of using self-report instruments in clinical assessment?

    <p>They provide a standardized way to measure psychological constructs, such as personality traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a client’s mood and affect?

    <p>Mood is an overall feeling while affect is more temporary emotion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of “branching logic” in structured clinical interviews?

    <p>It helps the interviewer to determine the most effective way to ask follow-up questions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term “somatic complaints” refer to?

    <p>The experience of physical symptoms that are not caused by a medical condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the validity scales used in the MMPI-3?

    <p>To detect faking good or bad on the test. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of dysfunctional negative emotions as measured by the MMPI-3?

    <p>Anxiety, hostility, and irritability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general approach to test development for self-report instruments?

    <p>They are developed based on systematic information and research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does “oriented in all three spheres” mean in the mental status exam?

    <p>The client is aware of their identity, current location, and the current date and time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which self-report instrument is designed to measure multiple clinical symptoms and yields a profile of psychological functioning?

    <p>MMPI-3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Abnormality: Reliability and Validity

    • Construct Validity: Crucial for ensuring operationalizations in a study accurately measure the intended constructs. It encompasses both reliability and validity aspects.
    • Reliability: Consistency of measurement results. Three types exist:
      • Test-retest reliability: Consistency of scores across multiple test administrations, most relevant for stable constructs (e.g., intelligence, personality traits).
      • Interrater reliability: Consistency of ratings across different observers, essential for observational measures (e.g., aggressive behavior).
      • Internal reliability (internal consistency): Consistency of responses to multiple items within a self-report scale. Answers to related questions should align.

    Empirical Validity Assessment

    • Criterion validity: Assesses the association between a measure and a concrete behavioral outcome, particularly important for self-report measures to predict actual behaviors.
      • Example (Body Shape Questionnaire): Scores should correlate with eating disorder behaviors (vomiting, fasting, laxative/diuretic use).
    • Known Groups Paradigm: Investigates if the measure distinguishes between pre-established groups known to differ on the trait being studied.
      • Example (Body Shape Questionnaire): Do scores differ between women with and without diagnosed eating disorders?
    • Convergent validity: Measures should correlate with related measures. Scores on similar tests should show strong correlations.
      • Example (Body Shape Questionnaire): Scores should correlate with other self-report eating disorder measures.
    • Discriminant validity: Measures should not correlate strongly with measures of unrelated constructs. Stronger correlations with similar constructs are expected.
      • Example (Body Shape Questionnaire): Scores should correlate more with other eating disorder measures than with depression measures.

    DSM-5-TR

    • Introduction (Assessment and Diagnosis): Assessment gathers information, and diagnosis labels clusters of symptoms. Diagnosis's benefits include facilitating communication, identifying causes and treatments, and guiding research. Potential drawbacks include stigma and oversimplification of the individual.
    • DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, current version reflecting a categorical classification approach. Specific criteria for disorders provide descriptions of features, research summaries, and associated symptoms (number of symptoms needed for a diagnosis).
    • Categorical vs. Dimensional: Two approaches for classification. Categorical is used (presence/absence), while dimensional quantifies symptoms on a continuous dimension. DSM-5-TR is categorical.
    • Criticisms: Growing numbers of diagnoses; comorbidity (presence of multiple disorders); and reliability and validity issues. Field trials yielded kappa values ranging from moderate to excellent but not as good as many medical diagnoses. Criterion validity is evaluated based on a measure's association with concrete behavioral patterns (functional disability in the case of mental disorders).

    Clinical Interview

    • Types:
      • Unstructured clinical interview: Clinician-driven, influenced by theoretical perspective, experience, and patient responses.
      • Structured clinical interview: Standardized format (e.g., SCID) with predetermined questions and branching logic, improves interrater reliability.
    • Typical First Interview: Information gathering about presenting problems, comprehensive history (family, medical, educational, occupational), mental status exam, and informed consent regarding treatment.

    Self-Report and Other Report Instruments

    • Development and Scoring: Empirically validated instruments, scored in reference to norms.
    • Examples:
      • MMPI-3: 335 true/false items, measuring multiple clinical symptoms, including validity scales.
      • NEO PI-R: 240 items measuring the Big Five personality traits.
      • SCL-90-R: 90 statements reflecting various symptoms with a 0-4 response format, measuring various aspects of psychological distress.
    • Other Reports: Instruments like the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), gathering information from parents, teachers, and others.

    Direct Observation and Self-Monitoring

    • Direct Observation: Observing behavior in natural or laboratory settings. Key elements are antecedents, behavior, and consequences.
    • Self-Monitoring: Individuals record their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (diaries, phones, etc.). Experience sampling (ecological momentary assessment) involves real-time data collection.
    • Practical Considerations: The act of observation may alter the behavior being monitored.

    Cognitive Assessment

    • Intelligence Tests (e.g., WAIS): Assess current cognitive ability, often used to predict school performance, but are not the sole predictor. Also used to identify learning disabilities. Stereotype threat can affect results.
    • Neuropsychological Testing: Detailed examination of cognitive abilities (memory, visuospatial perception, executive functioning), often based on the idea that different areas of the brain are involved in different aspects of cognition. Different batteries exist (Halstead-Reitan, Luria-Nebraska).

    Neurobiological Assessment

    • Brain Imaging (structural and functional): Structural imaging (CT, MRI) provides detailed images of brain structure. Functional imaging (fMRI, PET scan) allows for examining brain activity.
    • Neurotransmitter Assessment: Postmortem studies examine the presence of neurotransmitters. Metabolite assays identify byproducts of neurotransmitter breakdown in body fluids, but may not reflect levels in relevant brain regions.
    • Psychophysiological Assessment: Measures bodily responses (heart rate, EEG) that may correlate with psychological characteristics or events.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of reliability and validity in measuring psychological constructs. This quiz covers types of reliability including test-retest, interrater, and internal consistency, as well as the importance of construct and criterion validity in empirical assessments.

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