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Exploring Approach Motivation and Reward Associations
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Exploring Approach Motivation and Reward Associations

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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the reward system?

  • Dopamine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
  • GABA

    • Which theory suggests that anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) is related to dysfunction in the reward system?

  • Reward Wanting Theory
  • Dopamine Pathways Theory
  • Reward Liking Theory (correct)
  • Affective Neuroscience Theory

    • What type of studies have been used to investigate the role of dopamine in reward processing?

  • Psychopharmacological studies
  • Neuroimaging studies
  • Animal studies
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which field of neuroscience focuses on the neural underpinnings of emotion and motivation?

    <p>Affective neuroscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the study of the emotional systems of the mammalian brain?

    <p>Affective neuroscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fundamental affective-behavioral repertoires that involve the direction and energization of behavior toward reward called?

    <p>Approach and avoidance motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the desire or wanting that accompanies the approach toward a reward stimulus?

    <p>Desire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of depression and brain injury?

    <p>Decreased desire to engage in activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bromocriptine study mentioned in the text?

    <p>To examine the effect of medication on motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task used for in neuroimaging studies?

    <p>To investigate brain activation during reward anticipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that dopamine's role in reward is to generate pleasure and hedonia?

    <p>Liking theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is considered one of the core structures involved in the reward system?

    <p>Nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accepted definition of a reward?

    <p>Anything an organism is willing to work for or pay a cost for</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in triggering reward-directed responses in animals and humans?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ascending dopamine pathway goes from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NA)?

    <p>Meso-limbi pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is commonly referred to as the 'pleasure chemical'?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dopamine?

    <p>Regulation of pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that depression is caused by a reduction of dopamine?

    <p>Anhedonia Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Martinez (2004) find regarding the subjective rating of euphoria of cocaine?

    <p>Subjective rating of euphoria was only influenced when effort was introduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main difficulty with reward-wanting studies?

    <p>The tasks conflate reward size with effort costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what predicts the magnitude of phasic dopamine release?

    <p>The size of the reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the relationship between effort cost and dopamine release?

    <p>Effort cost is not a strong predictor of dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is suggested by the gradual impact of dopamine agonists on reward-directed behavior?

    <p>There is a role for learning and reinforcement in reward-directed behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the role of dopamine (DA) in reward wanting?

    <p>Dopamine increases response bias towards high effort-related choices for more desirable rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study with rats and cheese demonstrate about effort and reward?

    <p>The size of the reward is inversely proportional to the effort required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Effort Indifference Point (EIP) in the context of the study?

    <p>The point at which participants are equally willing to go for the reward or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study with Parkinson Disease (PD) patients on medication show about the role of dopamine?

    <p>Dopamine increases effort for larger rewards compared to controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the functions of emotions are primarily adaptive in nature?

    <p>Evolutionary Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the fundamental affective-behavioral repertoires that involve the direction and energization of behavior toward reward?

    <p>Approach and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with the reward system in the brain?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of affective neuroscience?

    <p>The study of emotional systems in the mammalian brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is considered one of the core structures involved in the reward system?

    <p>Ventral tegmental area (VTA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dopamine?

    <p>To generate pleasure and hedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Effort Indifference Point (EIP) in the context of the study?

    <p>The point at which the effort required for a reward is considered acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the relationship between effort cost and dopamine release?

    <p>Effort cost and dopamine release have an inverse U-shaped relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is considered one of the core structures involved in the reward system?

    <p>Ventral striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Powell et al. (1996) find regarding the treatment of brain injury-related motivational anhedonia?

    <p>Dopamine agonists improved motivational anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the self-stimulation studies with rats and an electrified grid demonstrate about effort and reward?

    <p>Rats were willing to expend effort to receive the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) is related to dysfunction in the reward system?

    <p>Behavioural Approach/Activation System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory suggests that dopamine's role in reward is to learn predictions and form associations about rewards and habits?

    <p>'Learning' theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the desire or wanting that accompanies the approach toward a reward stimulus?

    <p>Seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did the study by Wise and colleagues (1978) using pimozide (a D2 dopamine receptor blocker) in rats demonstrate?

    <p>Dopamine deficiency results in anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did the Bromocriptine study investigate?

    <p>The effect of Bromocriptine on motivation and engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a finding that challenges the Reward Liking Theory?

    <p>Hedonic reactions to taste are not affected by DA agonist/antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from the Wise study and subsequent studies?

    <p>DA is a reward transmitter that mediates hedonic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Pecina, Smith, and Berridge (2006) find regarding hedonic reactions to taste in animals and babies?

    <p>Hedonic reactions are not affected by DA agonist/antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Ikemoto and Panksepp (1996) find regarding the impact of DA antagonist on approach behavior and reward consumption?

    <p>DA antagonist decreases approach behavior but not reward consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the role of dopamine in reward wanting?

    <p>Dopamine mitigates the effort costs required in obtaining rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study with Parkinson Disease (PD) patients on medication show about the role of dopamine?

    <p>PD patients on medication expended more effort for larger rewards than controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Berridge & Robinson (1998) find regarding the effects of neurotoxin on rats?

    <p>The neurotoxin destroyed DA neurons but had no effect on walking capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Chong et al. (2015) demonstrate about the role of dopamine in reward wanting in humans?

    <p>Increasing dopamine function increases response bias towards high effort-related responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in reward-wanting studies?

    <p>Conflation of reward size with effort costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the size of the reward predict in terms of dopamine release?

    <p>Magnitude of phasic DA release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding regarding the relationship between effort cost and dopamine release?

    <p>Effort cost has no effect on dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gradual impact of dopamine agonists on reward-directed behavior?

    <p>Requires repeated trials and familiarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of the decline in response to dopamine antagonist in the Wise et al. (2004) study?

    <p>Progressive decline in response with more antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of dopamine in reward wanting?

    <p>Modulate expectations of future reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in reward-wanting studies?

    <p>Conflating reward size with effort costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main predictor of phasic dopamine release?

    <p>Reward size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between effort cost and the magnitude of phasic dopamine release?

    <p>Effort cost has no effect on dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gradual impact of dopamine agonists on reward-directed behavior?

    <p>Gradual decline in response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of learning in reward-directed behaviors?

    <p>Learning reinforces reward-directed behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the response of rats in the home cage sample suggest?

    <p>A build-up effect of dopamine antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reward System and Dopamine

    • Dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with the reward system.
    • The theory of anhedonia suggests that dysfunction in the reward system is related to the inability to experience pleasure.

    Studies on Dopamine and Reward

    • Investigations on dopamine's role in reward processing have been done using neuroimaging studies.
    • The Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task is used in neuroimaging studies to investigate reward processing.
    • Bromocriptine study investigated the role of dopamine in reward wanting.

    Brain Regions and Neurotransmitters

    • The nucleus accumbens (NA) is one of the core structures involved in the reward system.
    • Dopamine is the neurotransmitter involved in triggering reward-directed responses in animals and humans.
    • The ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NA) pathway is an ascending dopamine pathway.

    Theories and Definitions

    • The Reward Liking Theory suggests that dopamine's role in reward is to generate pleasure and hedonia.
    • The main definition of a reward is a stimulus that an organism will work to obtain or maintain.
    • The term "wanting" is used to describe the desire or motivation that accompanies the approach towards a reward stimulus.
    • The term "hedonia" refers to the experience of pleasure.

    Studies and Findings

    • The study by Martinez (2004) found that cocaine users' subjective ratings of euphoria were correlated with dopamine release.
    • The study by Powell et al. (1996) found that Bromocriptine improved motivational anhedonia in brain injury patients.
    • The study by Pecina, Smith, and Berridge (2006) found that hedonic reactions to taste were correlated with dopamine release in animals and babies.
    • The study by Ikemoto and Panksepp (1996) found that dopamine antagonist decreased approach behavior and reward consumption.

    Affective Neuroscience

    • Affective neuroscience focuses on the neural underpinnings of emotion and motivation.
    • The field of affective neuroscience studies the emotional systems of the mammalian brain.

    Challenges and Predictors

    • One challenge in reward-wanting studies is isolating the role of dopamine in reward processing.
    • The size of the reward predicts the magnitude of phasic dopamine release.
    • Effort cost predicts the magnitude of phasic dopamine release.
    • Dopamine release is gradual and builds up over time in response to reward-directed behavior.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on approach motivation and reward associations with this quiz. Learn about the different interpretations by Berridge, Robinson, Panksepp, and others. Explore concepts like drive, desire, anticipation, and behavioral activation.

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