Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of manipulation in experimental research?
What is the primary purpose of manipulation in experimental research?
- To increase the sample size
- To eliminate all variables
- To determine the direction of the effect (correct)
- To create a control group
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic elements unique to experimental research?
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic elements unique to experimental research?
- Manipulation
- Comparison
- Measurement
- Random Sampling (correct)
In an experiment examining the effect of TV violence on aggression, which variable is the independent variable (IV)?
In an experiment examining the effect of TV violence on aggression, which variable is the independent variable (IV)?
- Time spent watching TV
- Aggression
- Viewer's age
- TV violence (correct)
What does controlling other variables in an experiment aim to achieve?
What does controlling other variables in an experiment aim to achieve?
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of manipulation in an experiment?
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of manipulation in an experiment?
What assumption is made in experimental research regarding the relationship between the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)?
What assumption is made in experimental research regarding the relationship between the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)?
In the context of the Third Variable Problem, what role does manipulation serve?
In the context of the Third Variable Problem, what role does manipulation serve?
Which of the following is an example of how manipulation can determine the direction of an effect?
Which of the following is an example of how manipulation can determine the direction of an effect?
What is the role of the researcher in manipulating the independent variable (IV)?
What is the role of the researcher in manipulating the independent variable (IV)?
Why is it important to control for extraneous variables in an experiment?
Why is it important to control for extraneous variables in an experiment?
What defines a confounding variable in an experimental study?
What defines a confounding variable in an experimental study?
Which of the following statements about confounding variables is correct?
Which of the following statements about confounding variables is correct?
What should be ensured when manipulating the independent variable in a study?
What should be ensured when manipulating the independent variable in a study?
What is the primary distinction between extraneous and confounding variables?
What is the primary distinction between extraneous and confounding variables?
Why must the researcher eliminate confounding variables in an experiment?
Why must the researcher eliminate confounding variables in an experiment?
Which of the following is an example of an extraneous variable?
Which of the following is an example of an extraneous variable?
What is the primary hypothesis tested in the sweetened cereals example?
What is the primary hypothesis tested in the sweetened cereals example?
In the music lesson example, what is the independent variable (IV)?
In the music lesson example, what is the independent variable (IV)?
How is a confounding variable defined in the context of the memory experiment with background music?
How is a confounding variable defined in the context of the memory experiment with background music?
What role does an extraneous variable play in an experiment?
What role does an extraneous variable play in an experiment?
What potential issue does a confounding variable pose to internal validity?
What potential issue does a confounding variable pose to internal validity?
What distinguishes a controlled variable from a confounding variable in an experiment?
What distinguishes a controlled variable from a confounding variable in an experiment?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a confounding variable?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a confounding variable?
In the caffeine intake experiment, what is the role of noise?
In the caffeine intake experiment, what is the role of noise?
What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experiments?
What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experiments?
What does random assignment NOT guarantee?
What does random assignment NOT guarantee?
Which of the following methods can be used for random assignment?
Which of the following methods can be used for random assignment?
What is a manipulation check?
What is a manipulation check?
Why is it important to include an exit questionnaire in an experiment?
Why is it important to include an exit questionnaire in an experiment?
When is it particularly important to perform manipulation checks?
When is it particularly important to perform manipulation checks?
Which of the following statements about random assignment and sample size is true?
Which of the following statements about random assignment and sample size is true?
What is a potential confound when participants are assigned to different conditions?
What is a potential confound when participants are assigned to different conditions?
What is one consequence of using measurement instruments that are not tested for reliability and validity in experimental research?
What is one consequence of using measurement instruments that are not tested for reliability and validity in experimental research?
Which of the following practices can help mitigate threats to external validity in experimental research?
Which of the following practices can help mitigate threats to external validity in experimental research?
What is a potential issue when using inappropriate research designs in experimental research?
What is a potential issue when using inappropriate research designs in experimental research?
Why is it important to ensure tasks used in studies are simple and familiar to participants?
Why is it important to ensure tasks used in studies are simple and familiar to participants?
What does conducting pilot tests with a small sample help researchers achieve?
What does conducting pilot tests with a small sample help researchers achieve?
What is referred to as systematic variance in a between-subjects design?
What is referred to as systematic variance in a between-subjects design?
How does systematic variance impact the analysis in experiments?
How does systematic variance impact the analysis in experiments?
What is non-systematic variance primarily attributed to?
What is non-systematic variance primarily attributed to?
In which scenario is between-subjects design considered advantageous?
In which scenario is between-subjects design considered advantageous?
What must be minimized to ensure accurate results in a between-subjects design?
What must be minimized to ensure accurate results in a between-subjects design?
When might researchers expect to see the same scores on aggression across groups?
When might researchers expect to see the same scores on aggression across groups?
What is the primary focus when calculating the F-ratio in an experiment?
What is the primary focus when calculating the F-ratio in an experiment?
What factors can contribute to systematic variance in experimental results?
What factors can contribute to systematic variance in experimental results?
What is the purpose of matching subjects in pairs during an experiment?
What is the purpose of matching subjects in pairs during an experiment?
What is one key aspect of differential attrition in an experimental study?
What is one key aspect of differential attrition in an experimental study?
In the context of matching across blocks, what is one characteristic on which individuals are matched?
In the context of matching across blocks, what is one characteristic on which individuals are matched?
How can matched pairs help in controlling individual differences in an experiment?
How can matched pairs help in controlling individual differences in an experiment?
In an experimental design, what is a common consequence of attrition?
In an experimental design, what is a common consequence of attrition?
What could be a potential confounding variable in a study examining the effects of a treatment on pain relief?
What could be a potential confounding variable in a study examining the effects of a treatment on pain relief?
What is one primary advantage of matching individuals in blocks during an experiment?
What is one primary advantage of matching individuals in blocks during an experiment?
Which stage in the matching process requires participants to be segregated into pairs based on specific characteristics?
Which stage in the matching process requires participants to be segregated into pairs based on specific characteristics?
What is a key implication of increasing the number of conditions in a study in terms of carryover effects?
What is a key implication of increasing the number of conditions in a study in terms of carryover effects?
What is one of the primary disadvantages of using between-subjects designs?
What is one of the primary disadvantages of using between-subjects designs?
Which of the following biases can impact the validity of between-subjects designs?
Which of the following biases can impact the validity of between-subjects designs?
What is a recommended solution to address assignment bias in experimental research?
What is a recommended solution to address assignment bias in experimental research?
In what circumstance is a between-subjects design particularly beneficial?
In what circumstance is a between-subjects design particularly beneficial?
What is the primary purpose of randomization in experimental designs?
What is the primary purpose of randomization in experimental designs?
What distinguishes randomization from random sampling?
What distinguishes randomization from random sampling?
Why is it improbable that groups will be perfectly matched through randomization?
Why is it improbable that groups will be perfectly matched through randomization?
Which method ensures that participants share critical characteristics prior to assignment?
Which method ensures that participants share critical characteristics prior to assignment?
What is a limitation of using small sample sizes in experiments?
What is a limitation of using small sample sizes in experiments?
Which of the following describes how matching can enhance the validity of an experiment?
Which of the following describes how matching can enhance the validity of an experiment?
What is one of the main reasons why random assignment may not guarantee equal groups?
What is one of the main reasons why random assignment may not guarantee equal groups?
What does 'free random assignment' ensure in experimental design?
What does 'free random assignment' ensure in experimental design?
Which statement reflects a common misconception about random sampling?
Which statement reflects a common misconception about random sampling?
What might be an undesirable outcome if extraneous variables are not controlled in an experiment?
What might be an undesirable outcome if extraneous variables are not controlled in an experiment?
What does a large between-group variance indicate in an experimental design?
What does a large between-group variance indicate in an experimental design?
What is a potential outcome of having large within-group variance?
What is a potential outcome of having large within-group variance?
In the context of the treatment index, what does the F-ratio compare?
In the context of the treatment index, what does the F-ratio compare?
When analyzing group differences, which factor should researchers aim to minimize?
When analyzing group differences, which factor should researchers aim to minimize?
What is meant by assignment bias in experimental research?
What is meant by assignment bias in experimental research?
Which scenario demonstrates a single-factor multiple-group design?
Which scenario demonstrates a single-factor multiple-group design?
What is the goal of using a large sample size in an experimental study?
What is the goal of using a large sample size in an experimental study?
Which of the following describes a disadvantage of large within-group variance?
Which of the following describes a disadvantage of large within-group variance?
Which factor represents an environmental variable that may impact an experimental study?
Which factor represents an environmental variable that may impact an experimental study?
What is a primary disadvantage of using a between-subjects design?
What is a primary disadvantage of using a between-subjects design?
What effect can a within-subjects design have on participants' perception?
What effect can a within-subjects design have on participants' perception?
What is a key characteristic of a strong experimental design?
What is a key characteristic of a strong experimental design?
Why is standardization of experimental procedures important?
Why is standardization of experimental procedures important?
When should a between-subjects design be avoided?
When should a between-subjects design be avoided?
What is an implication of the findings from the study comparing between-subjects and within-subjects designs?
What is an implication of the findings from the study comparing between-subjects and within-subjects designs?
What does minimizing individual differences aim to achieve in an experimental study?
What does minimizing individual differences aim to achieve in an experimental study?
What type of effects do between-subjects designs help avoid?
What type of effects do between-subjects designs help avoid?
In a between-subjects design, what does random assignment aim to achieve?
In a between-subjects design, what does random assignment aim to achieve?
What rating scale example illustrates a challenge associated with a between-subjects design?
What rating scale example illustrates a challenge associated with a between-subjects design?
Which factor is the least likely to affect the internal validity of an experiment?
Which factor is the least likely to affect the internal validity of an experiment?
Which of the following is a potential threat to validity associated with within-subjects designs?
Which of the following is a potential threat to validity associated with within-subjects designs?
What is a benefit of utilizing a between-subjects design?
What is a benefit of utilizing a between-subjects design?
What are the two components of between-subjects (systematic) variance?
What are the two components of between-subjects (systematic) variance?
In non-systematic (within-group) variance, what mainly causes any variability among participants treated alike?
In non-systematic (within-group) variance, what mainly causes any variability among participants treated alike?
To evaluate if differences between group means are due to experimental error alone or treatment effects plus experimental error, one must analyze which of the following?
To evaluate if differences between group means are due to experimental error alone or treatment effects plus experimental error, one must analyze which of the following?
What is the significance of experimental error in the context of systematic variance?
What is the significance of experimental error in the context of systematic variance?
When assessing a study's variance, which type is purely attributed to chance factors?
When assessing a study's variance, which type is purely attributed to chance factors?
What would be an indication that the differences in aggressive acts across groups are not solely due to experimental error?
What would be an indication that the differences in aggressive acts across groups are not solely due to experimental error?
What type of variance would result from differences between subjects treated identically?
What type of variance would result from differences between subjects treated identically?
Which of the following best describes experimental error in an experiment?
Which of the following best describes experimental error in an experiment?
Which of the following best differentiates random sampling from randomization?
Which of the following best differentiates random sampling from randomization?
What is a limitation of using randomization in studies with small sample sizes?
What is a limitation of using randomization in studies with small sample sizes?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the process of matching participants in experimental designs?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the process of matching participants in experimental designs?
Which of the following statements about free random assignment is true?
Which of the following statements about free random assignment is true?
What is the primary goal of matching subjects on critical variables?
What is the primary goal of matching subjects on critical variables?
What does random assignment NOT guarantee in an experimental study?
What does random assignment NOT guarantee in an experimental study?
Which of the following describes the outcome if groups are not created or treated equally?
Which of the following describes the outcome if groups are not created or treated equally?
What is a significant challenge when using between-subjects designs?
What is a significant challenge when using between-subjects designs?
How can modifiable randomization improve control over study outcomes?
How can modifiable randomization improve control over study outcomes?
Which of the following biases can occur in between-subjects designs?
Which of the following biases can occur in between-subjects designs?
What is the primary goal of ensuring equivalent individuals in between-groups design?
What is the primary goal of ensuring equivalent individuals in between-groups design?
What is crucial for ensuring groups are equivalent before manipulation in a between-subjects design?
What is crucial for ensuring groups are equivalent before manipulation in a between-subjects design?
Which method can help mitigate biases in experiments involving multiple conditions?
Which method can help mitigate biases in experiments involving multiple conditions?
What is a limitation related to generalization in between-subjects designs?
What is a limitation related to generalization in between-subjects designs?
What term is used to describe individual differences in scores occurring by chance within groups?
What term is used to describe individual differences in scores occurring by chance within groups?
What does systematic variance in a between-subjects design reflect?
What does systematic variance in a between-subjects design reflect?
How can researchers minimize non-systematic variance in an experimental study?
How can researchers minimize non-systematic variance in an experimental study?
What potential issue arises from communication between groups during an experiment?
What potential issue arises from communication between groups during an experiment?
What is resentful demoralization in the context of experimental design?
What is resentful demoralization in the context of experimental design?
What outcome is commonly associated with a between-subjects design when assessing treatment effects?
What outcome is commonly associated with a between-subjects design when assessing treatment effects?
What is a potential source of error that researchers must be cautious of in experiments measuring aggression related to cartoon violence?
What is a potential source of error that researchers must be cautious of in experiments measuring aggression related to cartoon violence?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a between-subjects design?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a between-subjects design?
In a study comparing aggression scores among three different levels of cartoon violence, what might differences in scores indicate?
In a study comparing aggression scores among three different levels of cartoon violence, what might differences in scores indicate?
Why are carryover effects a concern in experimentation?
Why are carryover effects a concern in experimentation?
What minimizes the influence of extraneous variables in a between-subjects design?
What minimizes the influence of extraneous variables in a between-subjects design?
Which statistical metric is used to assess the variance between groups in a between-subjects design?
Which statistical metric is used to assess the variance between groups in a between-subjects design?
In a between-subjects experiment, which factor should researchers aim to control to ensure valid results?
In a between-subjects experiment, which factor should researchers aim to control to ensure valid results?
What is a primary reason that between-subjects designs are popular in psychological research?
What is a primary reason that between-subjects designs are popular in psychological research?
What is an observable outcome of carryover effects during an experiment?
What is an observable outcome of carryover effects during an experiment?
Which statement correctly describes how between-subjects designs handle extraneous variables?
Which statement correctly describes how between-subjects designs handle extraneous variables?
What is a defining feature of a between-subjects design?
What is a defining feature of a between-subjects design?
Which independent variables can ONLY be measured in a between-subjects design?
Which independent variables can ONLY be measured in a between-subjects design?
What is one disadvantage of using a between-subjects design?
What is one disadvantage of using a between-subjects design?
What are the groups in a between-subjects design compared based on?
What are the groups in a between-subjects design compared based on?
How does randomization contribute to the integrity of a between-subjects design?
How does randomization contribute to the integrity of a between-subjects design?
What is the primary goal when calculating the F-ratio in a between-subjects design?
What is the primary goal when calculating the F-ratio in a between-subjects design?
What is a potential outcome if there is too much individual variability in a between-subjects design?
What is a potential outcome if there is too much individual variability in a between-subjects design?
In a between-subjects design, what is meant by 'control condition'?
In a between-subjects design, what is meant by 'control condition'?
What distinguishes a between-subjects design from other experimental designs?
What distinguishes a between-subjects design from other experimental designs?
What is the effect of participants experiencing only one level of the independent variable in a between-subjects design?
What is the effect of participants experiencing only one level of the independent variable in a between-subjects design?
Which of the following independent variables can only be measured using a between-subjects design?
Which of the following independent variables can only be measured using a between-subjects design?
What is a potential advantage of using a between-subjects design?
What is a potential advantage of using a between-subjects design?
What role does randomization play in a between-subjects design?
What role does randomization play in a between-subjects design?
What is one significant challenge associated with a between-subjects design?
What is one significant challenge associated with a between-subjects design?
In the context of a between-subjects design, what does the F-ratio primarily assess?
In the context of a between-subjects design, what does the F-ratio primarily assess?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of individual differences in a between-subjects design?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of individual differences in a between-subjects design?
What is one major disadvantage of between-subjects designs in experimental research?
What is one major disadvantage of between-subjects designs in experimental research?
Which bias may arise when both the participants and experimenters are aware of the condition they are in?
Which bias may arise when both the participants and experimenters are aware of the condition they are in?
Which of the following is a solution to minimize assignment bias in an experimental study?
Which of the following is a solution to minimize assignment bias in an experimental study?
What is a potential issue when holding subjects constant on extraneous variables in a between-subjects design?
What is a potential issue when holding subjects constant on extraneous variables in a between-subjects design?
Why can carryover effects in an experiment create more bias with an increased number of conditions?
Why can carryover effects in an experiment create more bias with an increased number of conditions?
What is the purpose of segregating subjects into matched pairs in an experiment?
What is the purpose of segregating subjects into matched pairs in an experiment?
In a study matching subjects based on IQ, which of the following groups is correctly defined?
In a study matching subjects based on IQ, which of the following groups is correctly defined?
What is a potential consequence of differential attrition in an experimental study?
What is a potential consequence of differential attrition in an experimental study?
Which step follows the measurement and ranking of subjects on the desired variable?
Which step follows the measurement and ranking of subjects on the desired variable?
In matching across blocks, which of the following is a valid block category related to age?
In matching across blocks, which of the following is a valid block category related to age?
What defines the matching procedure when testing the effects of marijuana on pain relief in cancer patients?
What defines the matching procedure when testing the effects of marijuana on pain relief in cancer patients?
Which of the following statements regarding attrition is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding attrition is correct?
Why is measuring and ranking subjects necessary before matching them?
Why is measuring and ranking subjects necessary before matching them?
What is a potential impact of diffusion in experimental groups?
What is a potential impact of diffusion in experimental groups?
How can resentful demoralization affect an experimental study?
How can resentful demoralization affect an experimental study?
What is an advantage of using a between-subjects design in experiments?
What is an advantage of using a between-subjects design in experiments?
Why are carryover effects a concern in experimental designs?
Why are carryover effects a concern in experimental designs?
What characteristic of scores is maintained in a between-subjects design?
What characteristic of scores is maintained in a between-subjects design?
In experimental design, what can indirect communication between groups lead to?
In experimental design, what can indirect communication between groups lead to?
What does the popularity of between-subjects designs primarily stem from?
What does the popularity of between-subjects designs primarily stem from?
What is one outcome of communication leading to treatment overlap?
What is one outcome of communication leading to treatment overlap?
What is the primary purpose of randomization in an experimental study?
What is the primary purpose of randomization in an experimental study?
What is a key distinction between random sampling and randomization?
What is a key distinction between random sampling and randomization?
What is the primary goal of matching participants in an experiment?
What is the primary goal of matching participants in an experiment?
Which method can be employed to achieve free random assignment in an experimental study?
Which method can be employed to achieve free random assignment in an experimental study?
In an experiment with small sample sizes, what limitation can affect the effectiveness of randomization?
In an experiment with small sample sizes, what limitation can affect the effectiveness of randomization?
What is a potential outcome of not controlling environmental variables in a study?
What is a potential outcome of not controlling environmental variables in a study?
How does randomization contribute to internal validity in experimental research?
How does randomization contribute to internal validity in experimental research?
What does a large between-group variance indicate in an experimental study?
What does a large between-group variance indicate in an experimental study?
What is the effect of having large within-group variance on the F-ratio?
What is the effect of having large within-group variance on the F-ratio?
What can be a consequence of matching on critical variables in an experiment?
What can be a consequence of matching on critical variables in an experiment?
What is a limitation of achieving perfect matching among participants in an experiment?
What is a limitation of achieving perfect matching among participants in an experiment?
Which of the following best describes assignment bias?
Which of the following best describes assignment bias?
What aspect of random assignment theoretically leads to equality in groups?
What aspect of random assignment theoretically leads to equality in groups?
What is a key goal when using a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
What is a key goal when using a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA)?
Why is it important to minimize within-group differences in a study?
Why is it important to minimize within-group differences in a study?
What does a positive and large F-ratio signify in an experimental study?
What does a positive and large F-ratio signify in an experimental study?
What do environmental variables refer to in the context of an experiment?
What do environmental variables refer to in the context of an experiment?
Which of the following would be considered a within-group variance?
Which of the following would be considered a within-group variance?
How can researchers reduce individual differences in their study?
How can researchers reduce individual differences in their study?
In the context of experimental research, what does systematic variance refer to?
In the context of experimental research, what does systematic variance refer to?
What does the F-ratio compare in an experimental analysis?
What does the F-ratio compare in an experimental analysis?
What is a potential threat to internal validity in a study?
What is a potential threat to internal validity in a study?
What is the main purpose of using a large sample size in experimental research?
What is the main purpose of using a large sample size in experimental research?
Flashcards
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Sampling Bias (Transportation Study)
Sampling Bias (Transportation Study)
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Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
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Nazi Atrocities
Nazi Atrocities
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Milgram's Obedience Experiments
Milgram's Obedience Experiments
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Manipulation (in research)
Manipulation (in research)
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Third variable problem
Third variable problem
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Extraneous variable
Extraneous variable
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Confounding variable
Confounding variable
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Control (in research)
Control (in research)
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Independent Variable (IV)
Independent Variable (IV)
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Dependent Variable (DV)
Dependent Variable (DV)
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Cause-and-effect
Cause-and-effect
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Experimental Research Strategy
Experimental Research Strategy
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Levels of IV
Levels of IV
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Directionality
Directionality
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Control Variables
Control Variables
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Manipulation Check
Manipulation Check
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Participant Manipulation
Participant Manipulation
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Environmental Manipulation
Environmental Manipulation
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Control in Experiments
Control in Experiments
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Sufficient Sample Size
Sufficient Sample Size
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Potential Confound
Potential Confound
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Ad hoc hypothesis
Ad hoc hypothesis
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Unreliable Measurement Tool
Unreliable Measurement Tool
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Invalid Measurement Tool
Invalid Measurement Tool
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Internal Validity
Internal Validity
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External Validity
External Validity
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Control Group
Control Group
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Threat to internal validity
Threat to internal validity
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Control in an Experiment
Control in an Experiment
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Between-Subjects Design
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Systematic Variance
Systematic Variance
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Non-Systematic Variance
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F-ratio
F-ratio
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Treatment Index
Treatment Index
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Between-Subjects Variance
Between-Subjects Variance
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Non-Systematic Variance (Error)
Non-Systematic Variance (Error)
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Minimize Non-Systematic Variance
Minimize Non-Systematic Variance
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Carryover Effect
Carryover Effect
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Assignment Bias
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Experimenter-Expectancy Bias
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Subject-Expectancy Bias
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Matching
Matching
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Matched Pairs
Matched Pairs
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Matching Across Blocks
Matching Across Blocks
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Potential Confounding Variables
Potential Confounding Variables
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Attrition
Attrition
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Differential Attrition
Differential Attrition
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Randomization
Randomization
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Random Sampling vs. Randomization
Random Sampling vs. Randomization
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Matching (Steps)
Matching (Steps)
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Free Random Assignment
Free Random Assignment
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Treatment Effect and Nuisance Effects
Treatment Effect and Nuisance Effects
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Small Samples & Randomization
Small Samples & Randomization
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Within-Subjects Design
Within-Subjects Design
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Comparison Effect
Comparison Effect
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Anchoring
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Ecological Validity
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Avoid Carryover Effects
Avoid Carryover Effects
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Between-group variance
Between-group variance
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Within-group variance
Within-group variance
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What makes a large F-ratio?
What makes a large F-ratio?
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What makes a small F-ratio?
What makes a small F-ratio?
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Individual differences
Individual differences
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Environmental variables
Environmental variables
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Maximizing between-group differences
Maximizing between-group differences
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Minimizing within-group differences
Minimizing within-group differences
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Single-factor multiple-group design
Single-factor multiple-group design
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Why is a large sample size important?
Why is a large sample size important?
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Why is random assignment important?
Why is random assignment important?
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Independent Measures
Independent Measures
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Experimental Error
Experimental Error
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Treatment Effects
Treatment Effects
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Resentful Demoralization
Resentful Demoralization
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Why Are Between-Subjects Designs Popular?
Why Are Between-Subjects Designs Popular?
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Bias Introduced by Carryover Effects
Bias Introduced by Carryover Effects
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Advantages of Between-Subjects Designs
Advantages of Between-Subjects Designs
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Between-Subjects Designs: Estimating Bias
Between-Subjects Designs: Estimating Bias
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What is the difference between random sampling and randomization?
What is the difference between random sampling and randomization?
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Matching (in research)
Matching (in research)
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What are the steps involved in matching?
What are the steps involved in matching?
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How does matching help control for individual differences?
How does matching help control for individual differences?
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Why is randomization important in matching?
Why is randomization important in matching?
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Nuisance Effects
Nuisance Effects
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Large F-ratio
Large F-ratio
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Small F-ratio
Small F-ratio
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Minimize Within-Group Variance
Minimize Within-Group Variance
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Between-Subjects Design Bias Estimation
Between-Subjects Design Bias Estimation
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Between-Subjects Design: When to Use
Between-Subjects Design: When to Use
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Between-Subjects Design: Disadvantages
Between-Subjects Design: Disadvantages
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Between-Subjects Design: Avoiding Bias
Between-Subjects Design: Avoiding Bias
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Study Notes
Experimental Research Strategy
- This research method aims for a causal explanation
- It uses high constraints on variables, making it a powerful approach
- Manipulation of one variable (independent variable) to observe its impact on another (dependent variable)
- This effect is examined while maintaining consistency in other influencing factors
Midterm Grades
- Grades for midterm 1 (multiple choice and short answers) will be posted online by October 27th
- Final grade is out of 32 points
- Summary statistics: average multiple choice grade is 24/28 (range: 16-32) and short answer grade is 3/4 (range: 0-4)
- The overall average was 27/32
- Exams not returned; students with a score of 22/28 or lower on multiple choice and 2/4 or lower on short answers can view their exam at office hours by October 31
- Specific office hours for letter ranges are available on page 4.
Sampling Techniques
- A researcher wants to equally represent four different religious groups within a sample of 40 people
- Stratified random sampling or proportionate stratified random sampling would be suitable for that goal
Validity and Reliability
- A new anxiety test scores highly similar to a standardized anxiety assessment
- This indicates high concurrent validity
Grading Information
- Multiple Choice: Students who scored 22/28 or lower can attend office hours until October 31
- Short Answer: Students who scored 2/4 or lower can attend office hours until October 31
- Students with 23/28 multiple choice or 3/4 short answer can visit office hours the week of November 4-7
Scoring Short Answers
- Scores of 0, 1 and 2 are used for short answer questions, and indicate varying levels of completeness.
- The possible short answer questions include naming and describing, 2 important historical events that shaped psychological ethical guidelines. Examples provided include the Tuskegee syphilis study, Nazi atrocities of scientists, Milgram's experiment, and the Nootka (BC) study.
Sampling Bias
- A study using Montreal residents' transportation methods may encounter issues including:
- Limited sampling locations, potentially omitting other transportation methods (cars, metro, bikes, etc.)
- Sampling one season, potentially biasing towards only popular outdoor options, and excluding others (like commuting).
Confounding Variables
- Caffeine, coffee, or alcohol intake is a confounding variable related to smoking and decreased sleep quality since it positively correlates with both smoking and sleep disruption
- Stress and anxiety can impact smoking and sleep quality similarly, creating a confounding effect
Experimental Design Outline
- Introduction includes elements like problems with understanding causality, experimental control, and experimental groups
- Unique Attributes of Experimental Design involves Manipulation and Control
- External validity considers simulations and field studies
Experimental Strategy
- Experimental designs are considered the most powerful method
- They employ high constraints on subject variables.
- The primary objective of an experiment is to establish cause-and-effect relationships
- Manipulation of an independent variable determines its impact on a dependent variable while consistently managing other possible influencing factors.
Establishing Causality
- Establishing causality requires four fundamental elements:
- Time order (cause must occur before effect)
- Co-variation (statistical association)
- Rationale/explanation (logical explanation for the link)
- Non-spuriousness (establishing the IV as the sole cause)
Experimental Conditions
- Does exposure to music lessons improve IQ Scores ? (Experimental and Control groups and relevant variables)
Possible Control Groups
- Placebo control group: participants receive a fake/placebo treatment
- Waitlisted group: participants who sign up to receive the actual treatment later
The Experimental Research Strategy
- The four core elements are manipulation, measurement, comparison, and control.
Independent/Dependent Variables
- Independent variable: the variable manipulated, considered the cause
- Dependent variable: the measured variable, considered the effect
Between-Group Designs
- Experimental group: exposed to the treatment
- Control group: not exposed to the treatment; used for comparison
Experimental Conditions – Example
- Examining the impact of Prozac (IV) as an antidepressant treatment on depressive symptoms (DV) using a treatment and placebo control setup.
Important Considerations: Ebola Example
- Two main treatments were given during an Ebola outbreak, and how their effectiveness (or not) was observed
The Experimental Research Strategy (Four Basic Elements)
- Manipulation: Researcher changes the value of one variable to create different situations
- Measurement: A second variable is measured to gather data for each condition
- Comparison: The scores for each condition is compared (scores in each treatment condition)
- Control: Other variables are held constant to ensure their effects do not interfere with the research
Four Basic Elements (Diagram)
- A graphical representation of the steps involved in the manipulation of one variable, measurement of a second, comparison of the results, and control of other variables, in an experimental research strategy.
Unique Elements of Experimental Research
- Manipulation & Control are key elements of experimental research.
- These elements are needed to determine a cause-and-effect relationship, which is the goal of experimental research.
Manipulation & Directionality
- The manipulation's goal is to understand causality in the effect between IV and DV
- One variable (IV) is manipulated (increased/decreased) to see if it impacts the other variable (DV)
Manipulation & Third Variable Problem
- Researchers can use manipulations to control the influence of other variables.
Control - Confounding Variables
- A special type of extraneous variable that changes with the independent variable. It can mask the true effect of the independent variable.
Control- Eliminating the Confound
- Methods to control confounds. - Removing the confound - Holding the variable constant - Matching participants to control the effect of the confound. - Randomizing participants to conditions to minimize the effect of the confound.
Control - Extraneous vs. Confounding Variables
- Extraneous variables: any other variables in the experiment impacting results, regardless of the effect on the outcomes.
- Confounding Variables: Extraneous variables that change systematically with the independent variable. This confounds the result, because it overlaps with the effect of the independent variable.
Control - Confounding Variables Examples
- An example of a study to investigate if exposure to music lessons impacts IQ. Possible confounds: the teacher presence and the different teaching styles of the teachers/ instructors.
Control - Possible Reasons for Experiment Failure
- Provides example scenarios for why an experiment may not yield the desired result(s). Includes suggestions for improving the study design, such as including more conditions or expanding the number of participants.
Control - Threats of Internal Validity
- Explains eight threats to internal validity, including:
- History
- Maturation
- Statistical Regression
- Selection
- Experimental Attrition
- Testing
- Instrumentation
- Design contamination
Control - Threats of External Validity
- Focuses on four threats to external validity, explaining how these threats can limit the generalisability of the conclusion:
- Unique program features
- Effects of Selection
- Effects of Environment / Setting
- Effects of History
External Validity & Experimental Strategies
- Lab simulations aim to make experiments more like real-world conditions.
- Field studies take place in a real-world setting.
- Field studies with animals: examining behaviour that's difficult to replicate in a lab setting.
Perils for Experimental Designs
- Issues that can challenge the validity or reliability of an experiment, like inadequate sampling, lacking consideration of alternative causes for results and invalid or unstandardised measurements in experimental designs.
Ways to Avoid the Perils
- Discusses methods to enhance experimental rigor and credibility.
- Using pre-validated materials and task
- Implementing manipulation checks
- Conducting pilot testing
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