Experimental Psychology PSY 2103: Senses - Vision
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Questions and Answers

What structure relays auditory signals to the primary auditory cortex?

  • Cerebellum
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Thalamus (correct)

Higher frequencies of sound waves are perceived as lower pitch.

False (B)

What are the basic tastes recognized by the human tongue?

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami

Taste receptor cells detect specific chemicals in food and trigger a series of biochemical reactions leading to the generation of __________.

<p>neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cranial nerves with their corresponding function in taste perception:

<p>Facial Nerve (VII) = Carries taste information from the front of the tongue Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) = Carries taste information from the back of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes umami?

<p>A savory taste linked to amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sense of taste operates independently of the sense of smell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the tongue, where else can taste buds be found?

<p>On the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the retina are responsible for color vision?

<p>Cones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rods are primarily responsible for color vision in well-lit conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the ear amplifies sound vibrations?

<p>Eardrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vestibular sense?

<p>To maintain balance and coordinate movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visible part of the ear that helps funnel sound waves is called the ______.

<p>pinna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the ear with their functions:

<p>Cochlea = Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals Ossicles = Transmits vibrations from the eardrum Pinna = Collects sound waves Vestibular System = Contributes to balance and spatial orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting linear movements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serves a protective function by alerting an individual to potential harm?

<p>Pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the optic nerve?

<p>Transmits visual signals to the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to perceive and distinguish between hot and cold stimuli is called __________.

<p>thermal discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

The optic chiasm allows for the integration of visual information from both eyes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three small bones in the middle ear that amplify sound vibrations are called ______.

<p>ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the vestibular system with their functions:

<p>Semicircular canals = Detect rotational movements Otolith organs = Detect linear movements and gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear helps detect gravity?

<p>Otolith organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration?

<p>Pacinian corpuscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold receptors respond to increases in temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the vestibular system send signals to the brain about movement?

<p>Through the bending of hair-like cells caused by fluid movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nociceptors are responsible for detecting changes in temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to discriminate between different stimuli such as textures and shapes?

<p>Tactile Sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The specialized receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about body position are called __________.

<p>Proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of sensory receptors in the touch system?

<p>Detecting taste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of mechanoreceptor to its function:

<p>Pacinian corpuscles = Detect deep pressure and vibration Meissner's corpuscles = Detect light touch and texture changes Ruffini endings = Detect skin stretch and sustained pressure Merkel cells and discs = Detect pressure and texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Touching something sends electrical signals to the brain via __________.

<p>nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to our sense of body awareness and coordination?

<p>Proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the olfactory epithelium?

<p>Detect specific odor molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Olfaction only plays a role in the perception of flavors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during taste adaptation?

<p>Reduced sensitivity to a particular taste due to repeated exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Odor molecules are also known as ______.

<p>odorants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of the olfactory system with its description:

<p>Olfactory Receptor Neurons = Cells that detect specific odors Olfactory Bulb = Structure transmitting signals to the brain Limbic System = Involved in emotions and memory Primary Olfactory Cortex = Processes basic odor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure sends signals to the primary olfactory cortex?

<p>Olfactory bulb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can discriminate between a limited number of different odors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The olfactory receptors initiate a ______ signal when an odorant binds to them.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rods

Specialized cells in the retina responsible for vision in low light conditions. Contribute to peripheral vision.

Cones

Specialized cells in the retina responsible for color vision and detail in well-lit conditions.

Cornea

The clear outer layer of the eye that helps focus light.

Pupil

The opening in the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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Lens

The part of the eye responsible for focusing light onto the retina.

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Retina

The layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).

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Optic Nerve

The nerve that transmits electrical signals from the eye to the brain for processing.

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Optic Chiasm

The point where some fibers from each optic nerve cross over, allowing information from both eyes to be integrated by the brain.

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Olfaction

Sensory system responsible for detecting and interpreting odors in the environment.

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Olfactory Epithelium

The part of your nose where odor molecules are detected.

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Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Cells in the olfactory epithelium that have receptors for specific odor molecules.

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Odor Molecules

Airborne chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors.

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Transmission of Signals

The process of olfactory receptor neurons sending signals to the brain.

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Olfactory Bulb

The part of the brain that processes basic odor information.

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Odor Recognition and Discrimination

The ability to recognize and distinguish between different odors.

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Olfactory Adaptation

The process of becoming less sensitive to a particular odor over time.

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Auditory Nerve

The auditory nerve carries electrical signals from the ear to the brain, allowing us to understand and interpret sounds.

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Thalamus (Auditory)

The thalamus, a central processing hub in the brain, receives auditory signals and relays them to the auditory cortex.

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Primary Auditory Cortex

The primary auditory cortex, located in the temporal lobe, processes and interprets sound information.

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Pitch

The frequency of sound waves determines pitch. Higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches.

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Loudness

The amplitude of sound waves determines loudness. Greater amplitude means louder sound.

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Taste Buds

Taste buds are small structures located on the tongue, roof of the mouth, and back of the throat, containing taste receptor cells.

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Taste Receptor Cells

Taste receptor cells in taste buds detect specific chemicals in food, triggering a series of biochemical reactions that generate neural signals.

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Cranial Nerves (Taste)

The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves carry taste information from the tongue to the brain for processing.

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Tactile discrimination

The ability to discern variations in touch sensations, including textures, shapes, and temperatures.

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Mechanoreceptors

Specialized sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or deformation, providing information about touch, pressure, and vibration.

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Proprioceptors

Receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about body position and movement.

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Body awareness

The awareness of your body's position and movement in space, influenced by proprioception.

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Somatosensory system

A complex sensory system that allows individuals to perceive and interact with the physical world through various types of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

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Thermoreceptors

Receptors in your skin that are specialized for detecting changes in temperature.

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Nociceptors

Receptors that detect pain and potential tissue damage.

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Fine touch

Areas of the body with high tactile sensitivity, such as fingertips and lips, allowing for precise discrimination of texture and shape.

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Thermal Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between hot and cold stimuli.

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Pain Perception

The subjective experience of pain, involving interpretation and processing of nociceptive signals by the brain.

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Vestibular Sense

The sense responsible for balance and body orientation in space.

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Semicircular Canals

Three loop-shaped tubes in the inner ear filled with fluid. They detect rotational movements.

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Otolith Organs

Structures in the inner ear that detect linear movements and gravity.

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How does the Vestibular Sense work?

The fluid inside the semicircular canals moves when you move your head, bending hair-like cells to send signals to the brain about your movement.

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Study Notes

Experimental Psychology PSY 2103

  • Course information includes the date (12/12/2024) and course name: Experimental Psychology PSY 2103.

Senses - Vision

  • Photoreceptors: Specialized cells in the retina (rods and cones). Rods are sensitive to low light, while cones are responsible for color vision and details in well-lit conditions.

  • Process of Vision:

    • Light Entering the Eye: Light enters through the cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, and lens, focusing on the retina.
    • Retina: Photoreceptors convert light energy to electrical signals.
    • Optic Nerve: Transmits these signals to the brain for processing.

Visual Pathways

  • Optic Chiasm: Some fibers from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain, allowing integration of both eyes' information.

  • Color Vision: Cones in the retina are responsible for color vision (red, green, and blue).

Ear

  • Audition: The sense of hearing. The ear detects and interprets sound waves.

  • Outer Ear:

    • Pinna: Collects and funnels sound waves.
    • Ear Canal: Carries sound waves to the eardrum.

  • Middle Ear:

    • Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane): Vibrates when struck by sound waves, amplifying them.
    • Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes): Transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

  • Inner Ear:

    • Cochlea: A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure containing hair cells that convert vibrations into electrical signals.
    • Vestibular System: Adjacent to the cochlea, contributing to balance and spatial orientation.

  • Auditory Nerve: Transmits auditory signals from hair cells to the brain.

  • Auditory Processing:

    • signals are relayed to the thalamus.
    • Information is sent to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for processing and interpretation.
    • Pitch is determined by frequency.
    • Loudness is determined by amplitude.

Taste

  • Gustation: The sense of taste. Specialized sensory receptors on the tongue and other parts of the mouth detect different flavors.

  • Taste Buds: Small structures found on papillae of the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and the back of the throat.

    • Each taste bud consists of specialized cells, including taste receptor cells.

  • Basic Tastes:

    • Sweet (sugars/carbohydrates)
    • Salty (sodium)
    • Sour (acids)
    • Bitter (alkaline substances/harmful compounds)
    • Umami (amino acids, particularly glutamate)

Smell

  • Olfaction: The sense of smell. The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity has specialized olfactory receptor neurons, detecting odor molecules.

  • Detection of Odors: Odorants (airborne chemicals) bind to receptors on olfactory receptor neurons, initiating a neural signal.

  • Processing:

    • Olfactory bulbs send signals to the olfactory cortex.
    • Information is processed in the limbic system, affecting emotions and memories.

  • Signal Transmission: Neural signals are generated and travel through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.

Touch

  • Somatosensation: The sense of touch. Specialized sensory receptors in the skin detect pressure, temperature, and pain.

  • Sensory Receptors:

    • Mechanoreceptors (respond to pressure/deformation):
      • Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure/vibration).
    • Thermoreceptors (detect temp).
    • Nociceptors (detect pain).

  • Key Receptors:

    • Meissner's corpuscles (detect light touch/texture changes).
    • Merkel cells/discs(detect pressure/texture).
    • Ruffini endings (detect skin stretch/sustained pressure).

  • Proprioception: Specialized receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints provide information about body position & movement.

  • Temperature Sensation: Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes.

  • Pain Perception: Nociceptors detect noxious stimuli causing pain.

Vestibular Sense

  • Balance and Spatial Orientation: The vestibular sense allows for balance and understanding body movement in space.
  • Components:
    • Semicircular canals (detect rotational movements).
    • Otolith organs (detect linear movements/gravity).
  • How it Works: Fluid movement in the inner ear stimulates hair-like cells, sending signals about movements to the brain for processing.
  • Importance: Essential for balance, coordination, and spatial orientation. Problems can cause dizziness and motion sickness.

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Description

This quiz covers essential topics related to vision within the context of Experimental Psychology PSY 2103. It includes details about photoreceptors, the process of vision, and visual pathways. Test your knowledge about how the eye and brain work together to process visual information.

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