Experimental Design and Classification of Organisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the small intestine in digestion?

  • Mechanical digestion
  • Nutrient absorption (correct)
  • Bile production
  • Water absorption

    • Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch?

  • Lipase
  • Amylase (correct)
  • Lactase
  • Pepsin

    • What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  • ATP and NADPH (correct)
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose

    • Which organ is primarily responsible for producing bile?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>It requires oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?

    <p>Store long-term energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the carbon cycle?

    <p>Nitrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of macromolecule is glucose classified as?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves breaking down a bond by adding water?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cycle involves evaporation and condensation as key components?

    <p>Water Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Element type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction type involves building larger molecules and typically requires energy?

    <p>Anabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of competitive inhibition in enzyme activity?

    <p>Inhibitor competes with substrate for the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to avoid selection bias in experimental design?

    <p>Random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of systematic bias occurs when researchers favor data that supports their hypothesis?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do peer review processes primarily ensure in research studies?

    <p>Validity and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain includes organisms that are single-celled and can thrive in extreme environments?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In taxonomic classification, which rank is more specific than Class but less specific than Order?

    <p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Eubacteria from Archaebacteria?

    <p>Habitat preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom consists of multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a dichotomous key in classification?

    <p>To identify organisms through a series of yes/no questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?

    <p>Covalent Bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is represented by -COOH?

    <p>Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

    <p>Energy storage and structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when a bond is formed by the removal of water?

    <p>Dehydration Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can significantly affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macromolecule consists of long chains known as triglycerides?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction releases energy by breaking down molecules?

    <p>Catabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA primarily involved in?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to avoid measurement bias in experiments?

    <p>Calibration of instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the domain Eukarya?

    <p>Consists of cells with a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias occurs due to non-random selection of subjects?

    <p>Selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is characterized by multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are photosynthetic?

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of the peer review process in research?

    <p>Ensures validity and reliability of research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taxonomic rank is closest in specificity to the species rank?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a dichotomous key use to help identify organisms?

    <p>A series of yes/no questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias is related to researchers favoring data that supports their own hypotheses?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?

    <p>To secrete digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Glucose is synthesized using ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>It requires oxygen and includes several metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cycle involves nitrogen-fixing bacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants?

    <p>Nitrogen Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the large intestine in digestion?

    <p>Water absorption and feces formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a byproduct of the fermentation process in anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid or ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is phosphorus primarily returned to the environment within the phosphorus cycle?

    <p>Through decay and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of cellular respiration is the most energy typically generated?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

    <p>Energy storage and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond results from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the formation of a bond through the removal of water?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

    <p>Lower activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule consists primarily of long chains of fatty acids?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a reaction that releases energy by breaking down larger molecules?

    <p>Catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically influence enzyme activity?

    <p>Color of the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most effective in preventing measurement bias in experiments?

    <p>Calibrating instruments regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systematic bias occurs when subjects are not selected randomly?

    <p>Selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a blinding study aim to avoid in research?

    <p>Influence from researchers or participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which taxonomic rank would you classify an organism that is more specific than Order but less specific than Class?

    <p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is characterized by being multicellular and eukaryotic, primarily absorbing nutrients?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to organisms classified under the domain Archaea?

    <p>Adaptation to extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of the peer review process in research?

    <p>To ensure research validity and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a dichotomous key in biological classification?

    <p>To identify organisms through a series of questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>Secretion of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of photosynthesis do light-dependent reactions occur?

    <p>Thylakoid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down lactose?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

    <p>Convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of bile in digestion?

    <p>Emulsifies fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary output of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which digestive process is water primarily absorbed?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Experimental Design and Bias

    • A properly controlled experiment avoids bias.
    • Control group: Used for comparison with experimental groups.
    • Random sampling: Ensures unbiased subject selection.
    • Blinded studies: Researchers and participants unaware of treatment groups.
    • Measurement bias: Inaccurate instruments or methods.
      • Avoidance: Calibration and standardization.
    • Selection bias: Non-random subject selection.
      • Avoidance: Random and stratified sampling.
    • Confirmation bias: Favoring data supporting hypotheses.
      • Avoidance: Peer review, open data, objective analysis.
    • Importance of peer review: Validates, ensures reliability, and detects errors.

    Classification of Organisms

    • Taxonomic ranks (most to least specific):
      • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
    • Domains and characteristics:
      • Archaea: Single-celled, no nucleus, extreme environments.
      • Bacteria: Single-celled, no nucleus, various forms.
      • Eukarya: Cells with nuclei, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists..

    Chemistry of Life

    • Water properties: Polar, high specific heat, cohesive, adhesive, solvent, crucial for many biological processes.
    • Atomic parts: Protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), electrons (negative). Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of elements. Compounds are formed by the combination of elements, and mixtures are formed through the physical combination of substances.
    • Types of bonds:
      • Covalent: Sharing of electrons.
      • Ionic: Transfer of electrons.
    • Functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), phosphate (-PO4).

    Macromolecules

    • Carbohydrates: Energy storage and structural components (e.g., starch, cellulose).
    • Lipids: Long-term energy storage, cell membranes, signaling molecules (e.g., fats, phospholipids).
    • Proteins: Enzymes, structure, transport, and signaling (e.g., enzymes, antibodies).
    • Nucleic acids: Genetic information (e.g., DNA, RNA).

    Enzyme Activity

    • Enzymes: Lower activation energy for reactions, crucial for many biochemical processes.
    • Types of reactions:
      • Anabolic: Build molecules (require energy).
      • Catabolic: Break down molecules (release energy).
    • Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibition.

    Digestive System

    • Digestive organs and roles:
      • Mouth: Mechanical and chemical digestion (saliva).
      • Stomach: Protein digestion (pepsin), acidic environment.
      • Small intestine: Nutrient absorption (villi).
      • Large intestine: Water absorption and waste formation.
      • Pancreas: Digestive enzyme secretion.
      • Liver: Bile production.
      • Gallbladder: Bile storage.
      • Rectum/Anus: Waste expulsion.
    • Enzymes in digestion: Amylase, pepsin, lipase, protease, lactase.

    Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
    • Light-dependent reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH, crucial for energy transfer.
    • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): Stroma, use ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose, creating energy for the organism.
    • Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
    • Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen, produces more ATP (includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and ETC).
    • Anaerobic respiration: No oxygen, less ATP (fermentation).

    Biogeochemical Cycles

    • Carbon cycle: Plants and animals need carbon; entry into the atmosphere; removed by photosynthesis.
    • Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms used by plants.
    • Water cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, percolation (water's movement through the environment).
    • Phosphorous cycle: Phosphorus found in rocks, soil, and water; absorbed by plants, returned to the environment through decay and waste.

    Root Words

    • Definitions for common scientific prefixes/suffixes.
    • Macro-: Large
    • Mono-: One
    • Di-: Two
    • Sacchar-: Sugar
    • mer: Part
    • Poly-: Many
    • Hydr(o)-: Water
    • lys-: Break
    • Glyc-: Sweet
    • ose: Sugar
    • ic: About
    • Syn-: Together
    • Oxy-: Oxygen
    • phobic: Fear of
    • Philip: Love of
    • Hem-: Blood

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in experimental design, including bias methods and control group significance, alongside the taxonomic classification of organisms. You'll learn about random sampling, blinded studies, and the importance of peer review while exploring the levels of taxonomy across different domains. Test your understanding on these essential scientific principles and classifications.

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