Experimental Design and Classification of Organisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the small intestine in digestion?

  • Mechanical digestion
  • Nutrient absorption (correct)
  • Bile production
  • Water absorption

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch?

  • Lipase
  • Amylase (correct)
  • Lactase
  • Pepsin

What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  • ATP and NADPH (correct)
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose

Which organ is primarily responsible for producing bile?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances?

<p>Polarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during aerobic cellular respiration?

<p>It requires oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

<p>Ionic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?

<p>Store long-term energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the carbon cycle?

<p>Nitrification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of macromolecule is glucose classified as?

<p>Monosaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants?

<p>Nitrogen fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves breaking down a bond by adding water?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle involves evaporation and condensation as key components?

<p>Water Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically affect enzyme activity?

<p>Element type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction type involves building larger molecules and typically requires energy?

<p>Anabolic reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of competitive inhibition in enzyme activity?

<p>Inhibitor competes with substrate for the active site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to avoid selection bias in experimental design?

<p>Random sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of systematic bias occurs when researchers favor data that supports their hypothesis?

<p>Confirmation bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do peer review processes primarily ensure in research studies?

<p>Validity and reliability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which domain includes organisms that are single-celled and can thrive in extreme environments?

<p>Archaea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In taxonomic classification, which rank is more specific than Class but less specific than Order?

<p>Family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Eubacteria from Archaebacteria?

<p>Habitat preference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom consists of multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic?

<p>Fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a dichotomous key in classification?

<p>To identify organisms through a series of yes/no questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?

<p>Covalent Bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is represented by -COOH?

<p>Carboxyl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

<p>Energy storage and structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when a bond is formed by the removal of water?

<p>Dehydration Synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can significantly affect enzyme activity?

<p>Temperature and pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule consists of long chains known as triglycerides?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction releases energy by breaking down molecules?

<p>Catabolic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA primarily involved in?

<p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to avoid measurement bias in experiments?

<p>Calibration of instruments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the domain Eukarya?

<p>Consists of cells with a nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bias occurs due to non-random selection of subjects?

<p>Selection bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is characterized by multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are photosynthetic?

<p>Plantae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of the peer review process in research?

<p>Ensures validity and reliability of research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which taxonomic rank is closest in specificity to the species rank?

<p>Genus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a dichotomous key use to help identify organisms?

<p>A series of yes/no questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bias is related to researchers favoring data that supports their own hypotheses?

<p>Confirmation bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?

<p>To secrete digestive enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose is synthesized using ATP and NADPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes aerobic cellular respiration?

<p>It requires oxygen and includes several metabolic processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle involves nitrogen-fixing bacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants?

<p>Nitrogen Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the large intestine in digestion?

<p>Water absorption and feces formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a byproduct of the fermentation process in anaerobic respiration?

<p>Lactic acid or ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is phosphorus primarily returned to the environment within the phosphorus cycle?

<p>Through decay and waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration is the most energy typically generated?

<p>Electron Transport Chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

<p>Energy storage and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond results from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the formation of a bond through the removal of water?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

<p>Lower activation energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule consists primarily of long chains of fatty acids?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a reaction that releases energy by breaking down larger molecules?

<p>Catabolic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically influence enzyme activity?

<p>Color of the enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most effective in preventing measurement bias in experiments?

<p>Calibrating instruments regularly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which systematic bias occurs when subjects are not selected randomly?

<p>Selection bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a blinding study aim to avoid in research?

<p>Influence from researchers or participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which taxonomic rank would you classify an organism that is more specific than Order but less specific than Class?

<p>Family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is characterized by being multicellular and eukaryotic, primarily absorbing nutrients?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to organisms classified under the domain Archaea?

<p>Adaptation to extreme environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of the peer review process in research?

<p>To ensure research validity and reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a dichotomous key in biological classification?

<p>To identify organisms through a series of questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

<p>Secretion of digestive enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process in cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

<p>Electron Transport Chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of photosynthesis do light-dependent reactions occur?

<p>Thylakoid membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down lactose?

<p>Lactase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

<p>Convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of bile in digestion?

<p>Emulsifies fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which digestive process is water primarily absorbed?

<p>Large intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Control Group

A group of subjects in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being tested. They serve as a baseline for comparison.

Random Sampling

A type of sampling where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment.

Blinded Study

A study where neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the treatment. This helps prevent bias.

Measurement Bias

Errors in the measurement process that can affect the accuracy of the results.

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Selection Bias

Selecting subjects for an experiment in a way that is not representative of the overall population.

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Confirmation Bias

A tendency for researchers to favor data that supports their hypothesis while ignoring contradictory data.

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Peer Review

A process where experts review research before it is published. This helps ensure quality and validity.

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Domain

The largest and most inclusive taxonomic rank, encompassing all living organisms.

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What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element. It is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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What is a covalent bond?

A type of bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. For example, the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule.

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What does 'solvent' mean?

The ability of a substance to dissolve other substances. Water is a good solvent due to its polarity, allowing it to interact with many molecules.

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What is an enzyme?

A molecule that significantly speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. For example, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

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What is a catabolic reaction?

A chemical reaction that involves the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones. It releases energy.

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What is dehydration synthesis?

The process of joining two molecules together by removing a water molecule. This process is used to build larger molecules like polysaccharides.

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What are lipids?

A type of macromolecule that provides long-term energy storage, cell membrane structure, and various signaling roles. Examples include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

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What are amino acids?

The building blocks of proteins, they are linked together to form long chains called polypeptides.

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Photosynthesis

A process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water, and releasing oxygen.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Light-dependent Reactions

A chemical reaction occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is used to create ATP and NADPH.

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Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

A series of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

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Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP efficiently.

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Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

A type of cellular respiration that doesn't require oxygen and produces less ATP.

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Nitrogen Fixation

The process by which nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is converted into usable forms (nitrates) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.

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What is cohesion?

The force of attraction between water molecules, caused by the polar nature of water molecules.

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What is adhesion?

The force of attraction between water molecules and other substances, caused by the polar nature of water molecules.

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What is specific heat?

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

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What is an ionic bond?

A type of bond formed by the transfer of electrons between two atoms.

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What are macromolecules?

Large molecules formed by joining smaller subunits together.

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What is hydrolysis?

The process of breaking apart a molecule by adding a water molecule.

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What is blinding in research?

In research, blinding refers to keeping participants or researchers unaware of who receives the treatment or placebo. It helps to reduce conscious or subconscious bias, producing more reliable results.

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What role does a control group play?

A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being tested. This group serves as a baseline for comparison to the experimental group, allowing researchers to isolate the effects of the treatment.

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Describe systematic bias in research.

Systematic bias occurs when a factor consistently skews research results in a specific direction. This can happen due to errors in measurement, non-random selection of participants, or researcher bias.

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Why is peer review important in scientific research?

Peer review is a crucial step in scientific research where experts in the field review a study before publication. This process helps ensure quality, validity, and credibility, reducing the risk of errors, omissions, or biases in the final publication.

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How does a dichotomous key work?

A dichotomous key is a tool used to classify organisms based on a series of paired, contrasting characteristics. It uses a series of yes/no questions to progressively narrow down the possibilities until the correct identification is reached.

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List the three domains of life and their key characteristics.

The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled organisms without a nucleus that thrive in extreme environments. Bacteria are also single-celled, lacking a nucleus, and found in various environments. Eukarya include all organisms with a nucleus, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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List the six kingdoms of life and their key features.

The six kingdoms of life are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom represents a unique group of organisms with distinct characteristics.

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What are the taxonomic ranks in order of inclusiveness?

Taxonomic classification is the process of organizing organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The ranks, from most inclusive to most specific, are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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What is the primary role of the mouth in digestion?

The mouth is the first stage of digestion, where physical breakdown (chewing) and chemical breakdown (saliva) occur.

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What is the main function of the stomach?

The stomach churns food, mixes it with digestive juices, and begins the breakdown of proteins into smaller molecules.

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Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

The small intestine is responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

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What enzyme breaks down starch?

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars in both the mouth and the pancreas.

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Which enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach. It works best in the acidic environment of the stomach.

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What is photosynthesis and what does it produce?

Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water.

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What is cellular respiration and what is its purpose?

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Describe the carbon cycle.

The carbon cycle is the continuous movement of carbon between the atmosphere, living organisms, and Earth's crust.

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What makes water a polar molecule?

Water molecules have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end, making them attracted to each other and other polar molecules.

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What is water's high specific heat?

Water resists changes in temperature due to its strong hydrogen bonds. It takes a lot of energy to break these bonds and raise the temperature.

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What is water's cohesion?

Water molecules stick to each other due to their polarity, creating surface tension.

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Why is water a good solvent?

Water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules, allowing them to dissolve many substances.

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What is the key difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds share electrons between atoms, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.

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How do functional groups influence molecules?

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate are common functional groups that affect a molecule's properties and reactivity.

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What are the main functions of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates store energy, provide structure, and act as signaling molecules. Lipids are for long-term energy storage and membrane components. Proteins build structures, act as enzymes, and carry out signaling and transportation. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

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Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Dehydration synthesis removes water to form bonds, linking smaller molecules together. Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds, separating larger molecules.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use.

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Carbon Cycle

The continuous movement of carbon between the atmosphere, living organisms, and Earth's crust.

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Cohesion

The force of attraction between water molecules, caused by the polar nature of water molecules.

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Adhesion

The force of attraction between water molecules and other substances, caused by the polar nature of water molecules.

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Study Notes

Experimental Design and Bias

  • A properly controlled experiment avoids bias.
  • Control group: Used for comparison with experimental groups.
  • Random sampling: Ensures unbiased subject selection.
  • Blinded studies: Researchers and participants unaware of treatment groups.
  • Measurement bias: Inaccurate instruments or methods.
    • Avoidance: Calibration and standardization.
  • Selection bias: Non-random subject selection.
    • Avoidance: Random and stratified sampling.
  • Confirmation bias: Favoring data supporting hypotheses.
    • Avoidance: Peer review, open data, objective analysis.
  • Importance of peer review: Validates, ensures reliability, and detects errors.

Classification of Organisms

  • Taxonomic ranks (most to least specific):
    • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
  • Domains and characteristics:
    • Archaea: Single-celled, no nucleus, extreme environments.
    • Bacteria: Single-celled, no nucleus, various forms.
    • Eukarya: Cells with nuclei, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists..

Chemistry of Life

  • Water properties: Polar, high specific heat, cohesive, adhesive, solvent, crucial for many biological processes.
  • Atomic parts: Protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), electrons (negative). Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of elements. Compounds are formed by the combination of elements, and mixtures are formed through the physical combination of substances.
  • Types of bonds:
    • Covalent: Sharing of electrons.
    • Ionic: Transfer of electrons.
  • Functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), phosphate (-PO4).

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Energy storage and structural components (e.g., starch, cellulose).
  • Lipids: Long-term energy storage, cell membranes, signaling molecules (e.g., fats, phospholipids).
  • Proteins: Enzymes, structure, transport, and signaling (e.g., enzymes, antibodies).
  • Nucleic acids: Genetic information (e.g., DNA, RNA).

Enzyme Activity

  • Enzymes: Lower activation energy for reactions, crucial for many biochemical processes.
  • Types of reactions:
    • Anabolic: Build molecules (require energy).
    • Catabolic: Break down molecules (release energy).
  • Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibition.

Digestive System

  • Digestive organs and roles:
    • Mouth: Mechanical and chemical digestion (saliva).
    • Stomach: Protein digestion (pepsin), acidic environment.
    • Small intestine: Nutrient absorption (villi).
    • Large intestine: Water absorption and waste formation.
    • Pancreas: Digestive enzyme secretion.
    • Liver: Bile production.
    • Gallbladder: Bile storage.
    • Rectum/Anus: Waste expulsion.
  • Enzymes in digestion: Amylase, pepsin, lipase, protease, lactase.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
  • Light-dependent reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes, produce ATP and NADPH, crucial for energy transfer.
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): Stroma, use ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose, creating energy for the organism.
  • Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
  • Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen, produces more ATP (includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and ETC).
  • Anaerobic respiration: No oxygen, less ATP (fermentation).

Biogeochemical Cycles

  • Carbon cycle: Plants and animals need carbon; entry into the atmosphere; removed by photosynthesis.
  • Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms used by plants.
  • Water cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, percolation (water's movement through the environment).
  • Phosphorous cycle: Phosphorus found in rocks, soil, and water; absorbed by plants, returned to the environment through decay and waste.

Root Words

  • Definitions for common scientific prefixes/suffixes.
  • Macro-: Large
  • Mono-: One
  • Di-: Two
  • Sacchar-: Sugar
  • mer: Part
  • Poly-: Many
  • Hydr(o)-: Water
  • lys-: Break
  • Glyc-: Sweet
  • ose: Sugar
  • ic: About
  • Syn-: Together
  • Oxy-: Oxygen
  • phobic: Fear of
  • Philip: Love of
  • Hem-: Blood

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in experimental design, including bias methods and control group significance, alongside the taxonomic classification of organisms. You'll learn about random sampling, blinded studies, and the importance of peer review while exploring the levels of taxonomy across different domains. Test your understanding on these essential scientific principles and classifications.

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