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Questions and Answers
Which mechanical layer of the Earth is characterized as the weakest and can deform under temperature and pressure?
Which mechanical layer of the Earth is characterized as the weakest and can deform under temperature and pressure?
What is the primary composition of the outer core?
What is the primary composition of the outer core?
Which layer of the Earth is the hottest, exceeding the temperature of the sun?
Which layer of the Earth is the hottest, exceeding the temperature of the sun?
At what depth is the Gutenberg Discontinuity located?
At what depth is the Gutenberg Discontinuity located?
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What type of rocks are found in the lithosphere?
What type of rocks are found in the lithosphere?
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What term describes the process of heat-driven cycles in the mantle, ocean, and atmosphere?
What term describes the process of heat-driven cycles in the mantle, ocean, and atmosphere?
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Which boundary separates the lithosphere from the asthenosphere?
Which boundary separates the lithosphere from the asthenosphere?
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How do convection currents behave in relation to temperature and material density?
How do convection currents behave in relation to temperature and material density?
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What effect does increasing the composition of substances have on viscosity?
What effect does increasing the composition of substances have on viscosity?
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Which type of magma is characterized by a silica content of approximately 60%?
Which type of magma is characterized by a silica content of approximately 60%?
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What type of volcanic eruption is typical for Rhyolitic magma?
What type of volcanic eruption is typical for Rhyolitic magma?
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What is the primary composition of basaltic lava?
What is the primary composition of basaltic lava?
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Which type of volcano is typically described as shield-shaped?
Which type of volcano is typically described as shield-shaped?
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Which factors influence the formation of new components during metamorphism?
Which factors influence the formation of new components during metamorphism?
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What lava flow characteristic is typical for Rhyolitic lava?
What lava flow characteristic is typical for Rhyolitic lava?
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What level of gas content is typical for basaltic magma?
What level of gas content is typical for basaltic magma?
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What is the primary characteristic of oceanic crust compared to continental crust?
What is the primary characteristic of oceanic crust compared to continental crust?
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What is the primary composition of the Earth's core?
What is the primary composition of the Earth's core?
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Which layer of the Earth is known for the detection of P and S waves?
Which layer of the Earth is known for the detection of P and S waves?
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What occurs during the subduction process at convergent boundaries?
What occurs during the subduction process at convergent boundaries?
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Which of the following elements is most abundant in the Earth's mantle?
Which of the following elements is most abundant in the Earth's mantle?
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What is the estimated density of the Earth's crust?
What is the estimated density of the Earth's crust?
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Which section of the Earth is characterized by the transition zone?
Which section of the Earth is characterized by the transition zone?
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What is the primary purpose of using seismic waves in geology?
What is the primary purpose of using seismic waves in geology?
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Study Notes
Exogenous Processes
- Exogenous processes occur on or near the Earth's surface, driven by gravity, water, wind, and organisms.
- Weathering breaks down rocks, soil, and minerals.
- Types of weathering include:
- Physical weathering: disintegrates rocks along fractures due to temperature changes, water, or ice expansion.
- Chemical weathering: breaks down rocks through chemical reactions, like oxidation, hydrolysis and acid rain.
- Dissolution: rocks dissolving, forming features like stalactites, stalagmites, etc.
- Frost wedging: the repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks widens them, causing rock disintegration.
- Erosion: wearing away of land surfaces by wind, water, and ice.
- Water erosion: flowing water creates channels and carries sediments.
- Wind erosion: carries soil and particles.
- Wave erosion: carries sediments in waves.
- Glacier erosion: large ice masses move and carry rocks & soil.
Endogenous Processes
- Endogenous processes occur within the Earth, driven by heat. The Earth's core to surface is approximately 6371 km.
- Effects include: recycling of resources, creation of landmasses, and release of geothermal energy.
- Examples include volcanism, which releases minerals and creates fertile soil; and meteorites, which contain some iron and nickel.
- Seismic waves, generated by earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, are categorized into surface (Rayleigh and Love) and body (primary and secondary) waves.
- These waves travel at different speeds and through different materials.
Earth's Layers
- Earth's structure: Crust, Mantle, and Core.
- Crust: Outermost layer, primarily silicates, about 0.8% of Earth's volume, and 2.83 g/cm³ of density. Includes continental crust (granite & gneiss) and oceanic crust (basalt & gabbro).
- Mantle: 83% of Earth's volume; 4.53 g/cm³ density; made of rocky materials, metal ions, and elements (O, Si, Fe, Mg). Subdivided into Upper, Middle, and Lower Mantle.
- Core: Made mostly of iron and nickel, 16.2% of Earth's volume, and 10.72 g/cm³ of density. Contains an inner and outer core, with different states (solid vs. liquid).
Sedimentary Processes
- Transportation: Moving sediments by water, wind, etc.
- Deposition: Settling of sediments in new locations, forming features like deltas, beaches, and sand dunes.
- Depositional Environments: Areas where sediments are deposited, which vary from continental to marine.
- Meandering streams, deltas, alluvial fans, shorelines, sandbars/shoals, loess, sand dunes, and moraines.
Deformation of the Crust
- Deformation: changes to the Earth's crust caused by forces like plate movement, volcanism, and earthquakes.
- Types of deformation:
- Diastrophism
- Volcanism
- Diastrophism: bending, folding, and breaking of the Earth's crust.
- Volcanism: movement of magma from the Earth's interior to the surface; includes various types of volcanoes: shield, cinder-cone, and stratovolcano.
- Types of magma (e.g. basalt, andesitic, rhyolitic) and their properties.
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Description
Test your knowledge on exogenous processes occurring on or near the Earth's surface, such as weathering, erosion, and their various types. Understand how gravity, water, wind, and organisms contribute to these processes, as well as their impact on landscapes. Additionally, delve into the related endogenous processes that shape our planet.
