Exogenic Processes and Mass Wasting
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Questions and Answers

What process describes the settling of particles from a fluid to form layers?

  • Erosion
  • Deposition
  • Transport
  • Sedimentation (correct)

Which factor is NOT associated with the transporting of sediments?

  • Ice
  • Weathering (correct)
  • Wind
  • Waterflow

What type of mass wasting involves a sudden movement of large amounts of rock and soil down a slope?

  • Rock Fall
  • Soil Creep
  • Landslide (correct)
  • Slumping

What primary factor contributes to the occurrence of mass wasting on a slope composed of clay?

<p>Water absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the gradual downhill movement of soil and loose rock?

<p>Soil Creep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural factor causing sedimentation?

<p>Temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly accelerate sediment movement aside from natural processes?

<p>Deforestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is most likely to trigger a landslide?

<p>Heavy rainfall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force is responsible for the creation of normal faults?

<p>Tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fault involves the hanging wall moving upward relative to the footwall?

<p>Reverse fault (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of boundary is primarily associated with strike-slip faults?

<p>Transform fault boundary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature is characterized by break and slip of rocks along a fault plane?

<p>Fault (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volcanic eruption involves the gentle flow of lava?

<p>Effusive eruption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of reverse faults?

<p>Compression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of faults are typically found at divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Normal faults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process describes the eruption of molten rock from the Earth's interior?

<p>Volcanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs at divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Magma rises to fill gaps created by separating plates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can increase the likelihood of a volcanic eruption?

<p>Erosion and glacial melting reducing surface pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of volcanism on the environment?

<p>Destruction of landscapes due to lava flows. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can volcanic eruptions release that poses a health risk to humans?

<p>Hazardous gases affecting respiratory health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do eruptions contribute to climate change?

<p>Through the production of sulfur dioxide that forms sulfate aerosols. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is described as the shaking of the Earth's surface?

<p>Earthquake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about earthquakes is true?

<p>They can be triggered by human activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landforms can volcanic eruptions create?

<p>Lava domes and cinder cones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of folding in geological processes?

<p>Tectonic plate movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fold is characterized by rocks bending downward?

<p>Syncline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to rocks when exposed to higher temperatures during the folding process?

<p>They become more ductile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about basins is true?

<p>They result in bowl-like depressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does pressure have on the potential for folding in rocks?

<p>It enhances the potential for folding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fold involves small folds that follow the pattern of larger folds?

<p>Parasitic folds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of deformation influence the folding of rocks?

<p>Slow deformation leads to more pronounced folding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of folding involves both limbs dipping in the same direction?

<p>Overturned folds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of earthquake results from magma movement beneath the Earth's surface?

<p>Volcanic Earthquake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which seismic waves are the fastest and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases?

<p>P-waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tectonic earthquakes?

<p>Shifts in the Earth's plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of earthquake typically results from the collapse of structures?

<p>Collapse Earthquake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens primarily at convergent plate boundaries?

<p>Plates collide and cause subduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary effect of an earthquake?

<p>Ground Rupture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wave causes horizontal particle motion during an earthquake?

<p>Love waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What human-induced activity is known to create seismic activity?

<p>Fracking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volcanism occurs where tectonic plates are moving apart?

<p>Divergent Boundary Volcanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of magma is typically associated with convergent boundary volcanism?

<p>Rhyolitic (B), Andesitic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characterizes hotspot volcanism?

<p>It is independent of tectonic plate boundaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of volcanism involves the eruption of mud, water, and gases?

<p>Mud Volcanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryovolcanism occurs on which type of bodies?

<p>Icy bodies in the outer Solar System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Silicate volcanism can range from gentle lava flows to highly explosive eruptions depending on what factor?

<p>The silica content in the magma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of volcanism related to magma chambers?

<p>Increase in pressure within magma chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfur volcanism is primarily associated with which type of materials?

<p>Sulfur and sulfur compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sedimentation

The process where particles settle from a fluid (like water) to form layers.

Factors causing Sedimentation

Gravity, temperature, particle size/density, and chemical reactions all influence the settling process.

Sediment Transport

Methods by which sediments are moved; including waterflow, wind, ice, and human activity.

Mass Wasting

Gravity-driven movement of soil, rock, and debris downhill.

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Landslide

Sudden, rapid movement of a large amount of rock and soil down a slope.

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Rock Fall

Sudden falling of rock or debris down a steep slope.

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Soil Creep

Very slow, gradual movement of soil and loose rock downhill.

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Factors causing Mass Wasting

Composition of slope material, weathering, and water content influences mass wasting.

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Earthquake shocks and mass wasting

Earthquake shaking can trigger unstable slopes to fail, causing portions of mountains and hills to slide downwards.

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Endogenic Processes

Geological processes happening beneath Earth's surface, often driven by forces within the Earth.

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Folding

The bending of rock layers due to internal forces, usually compression.

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Monocline

A simple bend in rock layers where they fold in only one direction.

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Anticline

An upward arching fold in rock layers, where rocks dip away from the center.

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Syncline

A downward-bending fold in rock layers, formed by compressive stress.

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Folding Factors: Temperature

Higher temperatures make rocks more flexible (ductile), increasing folding potential.

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Folding Factors: Rock Type

Different rocks have varying folding capabilities; ductile rocks fold better than brittle ones.

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Folding of Rocks

Deeper rocks, under high pressure and temperature, are more likely to fold.

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Normal Fault

One side of a fault moves down compared to the other. Common at divergent plate boundaries, where the Earth's crust stretches.

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Reverse Fault

One side of the fault moves up compared to the other. Happens at convergent plate boundaries, where plates collide.

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Strike-Slip Fault

Rocks slide horizontally past each other. Minimal vertical movement.

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Volcanism

Molten rock (magma) erupts from Earth's interior to surface.

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Divergent Boundary

Plates moving apart, causing tension & normal faults.

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Convergent Boundary

Plates colliding, causing compression & reverse faults.

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Transform Boundary

Plates slide past each other, creating strike-slip faults.

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Divergent Boundary Volcanism

Volcanic activity occurring where tectonic plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise and form new crust. Characterized by basaltic lava flows.

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Convergent Boundary Volcanism

Volcanic activity happening at subduction zones, where one plate sinks beneath another. Produces andesitic or rhyolitic magma, leading to explosive eruptions.

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Hotspot Volcanism

Volcanic activity caused by plumes of hot mantle material rising through the Earth's crust, independent of plate boundaries.

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Silicate Volcanism

The most common type of volcanism, involving eruptions of magma rich in silicate minerals. Eruptions vary from gentle lava flows to explosive eruptions depending on silica content.

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Mud Volcanism

Eruptions of mud, water, and gases from sedimentary basins, driven by pressurized gasses like methane.

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Cryovolcanism

Volcanism occurring on icy bodies in the outer Solar System, erupting volatiles like water, methane, or ammonia.

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Pressure Build-up in Magma Chambers

The accumulation of magma in a chamber creates pressure that eventually forces the magma upwards, leading to volcanic eruptions.

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What is the most common type of volcanism on Earth?

Silicate Volcanism is the most common type of volcanism on Earth.

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Tectonic Earthquake

Caused by the shifting of Earth's plates, releasing huge energy that can cause significant destruction.

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Volcanic Earthquake

Happens when magma moves underground, creating smaller but still damaging tremors.

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P-waves

The fastest seismic waves, traveling through solids, liquids, and gases.

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S-waves

Slower than P-waves, they only travel through solids.

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Surface Waves

Travel along the Earth's surface, causing the most damage during earthquakes.

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Divergent Plate Boundary

Two tectonic plates move apart, creating a gap that gets filled with magma from the Earth's mantle.

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Convergent Plate Boundary (Subduction Zone)

One tectonic plate sinks below another, pulling water and sediments into the earth's mantle, which melts to form magma.

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Crystallization of Magma

As magma cools, it starts to harden into crystals. These crystals sink, pushing fresh, hotter magma upwards.

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Decrease in External Pressure

Events like typhoons, glacial melting, or erosion reduce pressure on the magma chamber, making it harder to contain the magma.

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Ash Fall (Volcanic Effect)

Volcanic ash is released into the air and can fall like snow, covering buildings, roads, and fields.

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Lava Flows (Volcanic Effect)

Melted rock flows like a river, potentially destroying structures and landscapes.

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Earthquake

Shaking of the Earth's surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust.

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Factors triggering Earthquakes

Most caused by movement along faults, but can also be triggered by volcanic eruptions, landslides, or human activities like mining.

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Study Notes

Exogenic Processes

  • Sedimentation is the process where particles (sand, silt) settle from a fluid (water) to form layers. This happens naturally and is used in water treatment.

  • Factors causing sedimentation include gravity, temperature, particle size and density, and chemical reactions.

  • Water flow: fast water suspends particles; slow water allows settling.

  • Wind carries light particles (like sand) in deserts and coastal areas.

  • Ice (glaciers) transport sediment frozen inside, releasing it upon melting.

  • Human activity accelerates sediment movement (deforestation, construction, agriculture).

Mass Wasting

  • Mass wasting (mass movement) is gravity-driven movement of soil, rock, and debris downhill.
  • It shapes landforms over time.
  • The movement can be shallow or rapid, affected by material type, water content, and slope steepness.

Classification of Mass Wasting

  • Landslides: large amounts of rock and soil suddenly slide down a slope. Triggered by events like intense rain, earthquakes, or human activity weakening the land.
  • Rockfalls: rocks or debris fall down steep slopes. Usually caused by breaking or loosening of rocks through weathering or seismic activity.
  • Soil Creeps: very slow, gradual downhill movement of soil and loose rock. Driven by freeze-thaw cycles, moisture changes and soil expansion. This gradually tilts objects (trees, buildings).

Endogenic Processes

  • Endogenic processes are geological processes that occur beneath the Earth's surface.
  • Folding: bending and altering of the Earth's crust due to internal forces (compressional forces), usually from tectonic plate movements.
  • Folding influences landscapes and alters Earth's topography over time.

Types of Folding

  • Monocline: a simple bend in rock layers.
  • Anticline: a fold that arches upward.
  • Syncline: a fold that bends downward, formed from compressive stress.
  • Recumbent folds: nearly horizontal folds from extreme compression.
  • Ptygmatic folds: small, tightly folded layers of rock, resembling "kinks" or "zig-zags".

Factors Affecting Folding

  • Temperature: higher temperatures increase rock ductility.
  • Pressure: greater depths enhance rock's pliancy.
  • Rock type: soft, ductile rocks fold more easily than hard, brittle rocks.
  • Rate of Deformation: prolonged vs. rapid compression.
  • Time: longer durations for more pronounced folding.
  • Depth: deeper rocks are under greater pressure and temperature.

Faults

  • Faulting is a process where rocks break and slip along a fault plane due to tectonic forces (stress).

Types of Faults

  • Normal fault: hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall, common at divergent boundaries (where the Earth's crust is stretching).
  • Reverse fault: hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall, common at convergent boundaries (where tectonic plates collide).
  • Strike-slip fault: horizontal movement of rocks past each other, with minimal vertical displacement, e.g., San Andreas Fault.
  • Transform fault: a type of strike-slip fault that forms a boundary between tectonic plates, accommodating horizontal motion.

Causes of Faults

  • Tension: pulls rocks apart, leading to normal faults.
  • Compression: pushes rocks together, leading to reverse faults.
  • Shearing: causes horizontal movement, creating strike-slip faults.

Volcanism

  • Volcanism is a geological process where molten rock (magma) erupts from the Earth's interior.
  • Molten rock reaching the surface is called lava.
  • Volcanic eruptions range from gentle lava flows to explosive events.

Types of Volcanism

  • Silicate volcanism: most common, involving magma rich in silicate minerals—magma ranging from basalt (low silica) to rhyolite (high silica) in composition.
  • Mud volcanism: eruption of mud, water, and gases, often in sedimentary basins, driven by pressurized gasses, particularly methane.
  • Cryovolcanism ("ice volcanism"): occurs on icy bodies in the outer solar system, involving volatile substances instead of molten rock (water, methane, ammonia).

Sulfur Volcanism

  • Sulfur volcanism involves eruptions dominated by sulfur and sulfur compounds, instead of silicate materials.

Factors Causing Volcanism

  • Increased pressure within magma chambers.
  • Tectonic plate movements (divergent or convergent boundaries).
  • Crystallization of magma.
  • Decrease in external pressure.

Effects of Volcanism

  • Environmental effects include ash fall, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows.

Earthquakes

  • Earthquakes are sudden releases of energy in the Earth's crust, creating seismic waves.
  • Causes include tectonic movements (convergent, divergent or transform boundaries), volcanic activity and human-induced activities (mining, reservoir projects, fracking).
  • Types include tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes, and collapse earthquakes.
  • Effects: shaking, ground ruptures, tsunamis, landslides, liquefaction, fires.

Seismic Waves

  • P-waves (primary): fastest, travel through solids, liquids, and gasses.
  • S-waves (secondary): slower, travel only through solids.
  • Surface waves: most destructive, Rayleigh and Love waves.

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This quiz covers the key concepts of exogenic processes such as sedimentation and mass wasting, focusing on factors influencing sediment movement and the classifications of landslides. Understand how these processes shape landscapes and the effects of human activity on sediment dynamics.

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