Exercise and Physical Fitness

Study Notes

Physical activity is defined as bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction, which increases energy expenditure.
Exercise is a type of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.

Activity Intolerance: the type and amount of exercise or daily living activities an individual is able to perform without experiencing adverse effects.

Developmental stage, culture, stress, medication and illness, and lifestyle and personality are factors that affect sensory function

Sensory deprivation: a decrease in or lack of meaningful stimuli
Sensory overload: inability to process or manage the amount or intensity of sensory stimuli
Sensory deficit: impaired reception, perception, or both, of one or more of the senses
Examples of sensory deficits: blindness and deafness

The ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically, and purposefully in the environment
Essential part of living

Isotonic (dynamic) exercise: muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement
Isometric (static or setting) exercise: muscle contraction without moving the joint (muscle length does not change)
Isokinetic (resistive) exercise: muscle contraction or tension against resistance
Aerobic exercise: activity during which the amount of oxygen taken in is greater than that used to perform the activity
Anaerobic exercise: activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energy for a short time

Disuse osteoporosis: bones demineralize without the stress of weight-bearing activity
Disuse atrophy: unused muscles decrease in size, losing most of their strength and normal function
Contractures: permanent shortening of the muscle, limiting joint mobility
Stiffness and pain in the joints: collagen (connective tissues) at the joint become ankylosed (permanently immobile) without movement