Exam 3 Study Guide - Human Nutrition Chapter 7

Exam 3 Study Guide - Human Nutrition

• Exam Format: 55 questions (37 multiple choice @ 2pts/q; 10 matching @ 1pt/q; 6 T/F @ 1pt/q; 2 short answer @ 5pts/q)

Chapter 7: Energy Metabolism

• Key Terms: Acetyl CoA, Anabolism, ATP, Cori cycle, Catabolism, Coenzymes, Glycolysis, Metabolism, Electron transport chain, Gluconeogenesis, Pyruvate TCA cycle

• Glucose Metabolism (Central Role):

  • Glucose is broken down into 3-carbon compounds (pyruvate) via glycolysis.
  • Pyruvate can follow anaerobic (lactate) or aerobic (acetyl CoA) pathways.
  • Aerobic pathway is more sustainable, while anaerobic provides quick energy.
  • Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle.

• Fat Metabolism (Glycerol & Fatty Acids):

  • Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Glycerol can be converted to pyruvate.
  • Fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments (acetyl CoA) processed by the electron transport chain with coenzymes.
  • Fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose.

• Amino Acid Metabolism:

  • Amino acids are deaminated, losing nitrogen-containing groups.
  • Some amino acids convert to pyruvate or acetyl CoA.
  • Others enter the TCA cycle directly.

• Final Steps of Energy Metabolism:

  • Acetyl CoA synthesizes fats or generates ATP (high-energy compound) via the TCA cycle and electron transport chain.
  • Electron transport chain uses proteins as electron carriers to create ATP.
  • Carbohydrates and fats yield different energy per gram (fats most, then protein, then carbohydrates).

Chapter 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

• Energy in:

  • Food composition: Energy values determined by bomb calorimetry.
  • Food intake: Body regulates hunger and satiation through nerve signals & hormones (hypothalamus).
  • Overriding hunger: Appetite.
  • Satiation for proper energy intake.

• Energy Out:

  • Components: Basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, adaptive thermogenesis.
  • Basal metabolism: Essential activities at rest.
  • Physical activity: Voluntary movement.
  • Thermic effect of food: Energy expenditure after eating.
  • Adaptive thermogenesis: Adjustments to energy expenditure.

• Body Weight & Composition:

  • Defining healthy body weight: Relative weight for height (BMI).
  • Body fat distribution (waist circumference).
  • Related risks from excess body weight and fat.

Chapter 9: Weight Management

• Causes of Overweight/Obesity Genetics, epigenetics, overeating, Physical inactivity
• Problems due to Overweight and Obesity Health risks, perceptions, dangerous interventions
• Aggressive Treatments for Obesity Drugs, surgery, and other medical procedures. Fad dieting.

Chapters 10 & 11: Vitamins

• Key terms related to anemia, blindness, deficiencies, and toxicities of vitamins (A, D, E, K, B complex, folate, etc..).
• Vitamin sources and their functions.

Chapter 12: Water

• Water Balance: Hypothalamus, osmosis, electrolytes, ADH, renin, and water balance regulation.
• Water Intake: Water sources and recommendations.
• Health Effects: Negative consequences or risks related to water intake or deficiencies.