Issues & Debates

<p>The holistic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The holistic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Diathesis-stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We all have a choice and can control our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior being determined by reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanist Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature suggests behavior is determined by biology and genes, while nurture focuses on environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exaggerating the differences between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimizing the differences between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating male thinking as normal and female thinking as abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the status quo of male power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain male power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowering women's self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying what we share with others and establishing laws or generalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying individual differences and what makes each person unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiments, correlation, psychometric testing, and other quantitative methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case studies, informal interviews, unstructured observation, and other qualitative methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking a combined approach by starting with a nomothetic approach and then moving to an idiographic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social group being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent deception in research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ownership of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withholding a beneficial treatment from some participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination against the racial group in the job market</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus on the individual vs. rigorous methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha bias, Beta bias, Androcentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not mentioned in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowering women's self-esteem, making them think they have to improve themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the status quo of male power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain male power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure participants are not deceived or humiliated during research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any particular behavior has evolved because of its survival value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All behavior is learned and influenced by external factors such as the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Although people may inherit a predisposition to schizophrenia, some sort of environmental stressor is required in order to develop the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Looking at how our behaviors are similar to each other as human beings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any research that upholds or reinforces gender stereotypes or disempowers women in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender biased research can perpetuate gender stereotypes and contribute to the marginalization and disempowerment of women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural bias can influence the way psychologists interpret and understand behavior, making it challenging to determine the universal aspects of human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of equal opportunity legislation is to eliminate cultural bias and racism in psychological research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The free will approach suggests that individuals have the ability to make choices and control their behavior, while the determinist approach proposes that behavior is determined and predictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central question is the extent to which behavior is determined by biology and genetics (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism in psychology is the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main difference between a humanistic approach and a scientific approach in psychology is that humanistic approach focuses on the individual and establishing generalizations, while scientific approach aims to discover laws and establish generalizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main focus of the idiographic approach in psychology is to understand what makes each individual unique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main idea behind the free will approach in psychology is that humans have the ability to make choices and control their own behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential harm of publishing findings that reinforce racial stereotypes is that it may perpetuate discrimination and prejudice against certain racial groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Millon &amp; Davis (1996), the ideal research approach in psychology should start with a nomothetic approach to establish general 'laws,' and then move to a more idiographic approach to understand individual uniqueness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Members of the social group being studied, friends and relatives of those taking part in the study, the research team, and the institution in which the research is conducted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Privacy, confidentiality, sound and valid methodology, deception, informed consent, justice and equitable treatment, scientific freedom, ownership of data, and cost/benefit analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sound and valid methodology is vital in socially sensitive research because when research findings are publicized, people are likely to take them as fact, and policies may be based on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential harm of publishing findings that reinforce racial stereotypes is that they are used to discriminate against the black population in the job market and other areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main difference between the humanistic approach and the scientific approach in psychology is that the humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of individuals and quality of life, while the scientific approach focuses on rigorous methodology and objective data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism in psychology is the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>generalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sexism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>exaggerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>minimized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>None</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lowering women's self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Members of the social group being studied, friends and relatives of those taking part in the study, the research team, and the institution in which the research is conducted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used to discriminate against the black population in the job market, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Privacy, confidentiality, sound &amp; valid methodology, deception, informed consent, justice &amp; equitable treatment, scientific freedom, ownership of data, and cost/benefit analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A humanistic approach focuses on individuals and quality of life, while a scientific approach emphasizes rigorous methodology and objective data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any particular behavior has evolved because of its survival value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the protection and well-being of participants and to prevent potential harm or discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha bias = This occurs when the differences between men and women are exaggerated Beta bias = This occurs when the differences between men and women are minimized Androcentrism = Taking male thinking/behavior as normal, regarding female thinking/behavior as deviant, inferior, abnormal, or 'other' when it is different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasizing stereotypically male and female characteristics = Alpha Bias Applying findings obtained from men to women without additional validation = Beta Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any particular behavior has evolved because of its survival value = Nature Approach Behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up = Holism All behavior is determined and predictable = Determinist Approach Behavior is learned and influenced by external factors such as the environment = Nurture Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holism = Argues that behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up Determinist Approach = Proposes that all behavior is determined and predictable Nurture Approach = Assumes that all behavior is shaped through the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans have the ability to make choices and control their own behavior = Free Will Approach Behavior has evolved because of its survival value = Nature Approach Experiments, correlation, psychometric testing, and other quantitative methods are favored = Nomothetic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Bias = This occurs when the differences between men and women are exaggerated Beta Bias = This occurs when the differences between men and women are minimized Androcentrism = Taking male thinking/behavior as normal, regarding female thinking/behavior as deviant, inferior, abnormal, or 'other' when it is different</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary approach = Behavior has evolved because of its survival value Nurture approach = All behavior is learned and influenced by external factors Behaviorist approach = All behavior is learned through the environment Holistic approach = Behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diathesis-stress model of Schizophrenia = People may inherit a predisposition to Schizophrenia, but some sort of environmental stressor is required for the disease to develop Alpha bias = Emphasizes the differences between men and women Beta bias = Ignores or minimizes the differences between men and women Androcentrism = Regarding male thinking/behavior as normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature = All behavior is determined by biology and genetics Nurture = All behavior is learned through the environment Reductionism = Behavior can be understood by breaking it down into its smallest parts Holism = Behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empiricists = Supporters of the nurture view who believe that all knowledge is gained through experience Double bind hypothesis = Explains schizophrenia as a result of contradictory messages received from parents Bobo doll experiments = Demonstrated that children tend to imitate aggressive behavior they observe Diathesis-stress model = Explains how a genetic predisposition and an appropriate environmental trigger are required for a mental disorder to develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment behaviors ensure the survival of an infant and the perpetuation of the parents’ genes = Bowlby Much of what we learn is through observation and vicarious reinforcement = Bandura Behavior is a product of natural selection = Evolutionary psychologists All behavior is learned through the environment = Behaviorist approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary approach = Behavior is a product of natural selection Nurture approach = All behavior is learned through the environment Behaviorist approach = All behavior is learned through the environment Holistic approach = Behavior cannot be understood in terms of the components that make them up</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender Bias = Occurs when one gender is treated more favorably than the other Determinism = The view that all behavior is determined and thus predictable Nature = The view that all our behavior is determined by our biology and our genes Free Will = The view that we all have a choice and can control and choose our own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determinism = All behavior is determined and thus predictable Nature = All our behavior is determined by our biology and our genes Free Will = We all have a choice and can control and choose our own behavior Cultural Bias = Makes it difficult for psychologists to separate the behavior they have observed from the context in which they observed it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Bias = Occurs when the differences between men and women are exaggerated Beta Bias = Occurs when the differences between men and women are minimized or ignored Environmental Determinism = The idea that our behavior is caused by some sort of outside influence Psychic Determinism = Belief that childhood experiences and unconscious motivations govern behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed Consent = The right of participants to know what will happen to them during the research and to choose whether to participate Debriefing = The post-experimental explanation of the study to the participants Confidentiality = The obligation of the researcher to not disclose private information about the participant Protection from Harm = The right of participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nativists = Supporters of the nature view that believe that all our behavior is determined by our biology and our genes Holism = The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Skinner = Argued that freedom is an illusion and that the probability of any behavior occurring is determined by past experiences Freud = Believed that the causes of our behavior are unconscious and still predictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanistic Psychology = Supports the idea of free will and personal responsibility Cognitive Psychology = To a lesser degree, supports the idea of free will and choice Behaviorist Approach = Believes that freedom is an illusion and that behavior is determined by past experiences Evolutionary Approach = Believes that any particular behavior has evolved because of its survival value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism = The belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts Nomothetic Approach = Looks at how our behaviors are similar to each other as human beings, mainly concerned with studying what we share with others Idiographic Approach = Looks at how our behaviors are different from each other, interested in discovering what makes each of us unique Ethical Guidelines = Rules and regulations that researchers must follow to ensure the safety and well-being of participants in their studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative methods = Favored from a nomothetic point of view Qualitative methods = Favored from an idiographic point of view Experiments, correlation, psychometric testing = Nomothetic Case studies, informal interviews, unstructured observation = Idiographic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Bias = Occurs when one gender is treated less favorably than the other Behaviorist Psychology = Sees behavior in terms of simple stimulus/response relationships Cognitive Psychology = Reduces behavior to the level of a machine, mechanistic reductionism Psychodynamic Perspective = Reduces behavior to unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender Bias = Occurs when one gender is treated less favorably than the other Androcentrism = Occurs when one gender is considered the norm and the other is considered deviant or inferior Ethical Issues in Psychology = Concerned with the moral and ethical aspects of research, including the treatment of participants and the dissemination of research findings Free Will Approach = Suggests that humans have the ability to make choices and control their own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism = The belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts Behaviorist Psychology = Sees behavior in terms of simple stimulus/response relationships Cognitive Psychology = Reduces behavior to the level of a machine, mechanistic reductionism Psychodynamic Perspective = Reduces behavior to unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha Bias = Occurs when one gender is treated less favorably than the other Behaviorist Psychology = Sees behavior in terms of simple stimulus/response relationships Cognitive Psychology = Reduces behavior to the level of a machine, mechanistic reductionism Psychodynamic Perspective = Reduces behavior to unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Privacy = Refers to people rather than data. Asking people questions of a personal nature (e.g., about sexuality) could offend. Confidentiality = Refers to data. Information (e.g., about H.I.V. status) leaked to others may affect the participant’s life. Deception = Causing the wider public to believe something, which isn’t true by the findings, you report (e.g., that parents are totally responsible for how their children turn out). Informed consent = Participants should be made aware of how taking part in the research may affect them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Members of the social group being studied = They may be affected by the research, such as racial or ethnic group. Friends and relatives of those taking part in the study = Particularly in case studies, where individuals may become famous or infamous. The research team = There are examples of researchers being intimidated because of the line of research they are in. The institution in which the research is conducted = Ethical issues may arise at this level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific freedom = The researcher should weigh their responsibilities against their rights to do the research. Ownership of data = When research findings could be used to make social policies, which affect people’s lives, should they be publicly accessible. Cost/benefit analysis = If the costs outweigh the potential/actual benefits, it is unethical. Justice &amp; equitable treatment = Examples of unjust treatment are (i) publicizing an idea, which creates a prejudice against a group, &amp; (ii) withholding a treatment, which you believe is beneficial, from some participants so that you can use them as controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanistic approach = Individuals are important and worthy of study, quality of life is important, intuition is useful. Scientific approach = Rigorous methodology, objective data. Nomothetic approach = Focuses on discovering laws or establishing generalizations. Idiographic approach = Looks at how our behaviors are similar to each other as human beings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sound &amp; valid methodology = This is even more vital when the research topic is socially sensitive. Academics are able to detect flaws in methods, but the lay public and the media often don’t. Deception = Causing the wider public to believe something, which isn’t true by the findings, you report. Scientific freedom = Science should not be censored, but there should be some monitoring of sensitive research. Informed consent = Participants should be made aware of how taking part in the research may affect them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Privacy = Refers to people rather than data. Asking people questions of a personal nature (e.g., about sexuality) could offend. Confidentiality = Refers to data. Information (e.g., about H.I.V. status) leaked to others may affect the participant’s life. Deception = Causing the wider public to believe something, which isn’t true by the findings, you report (e.g., that parents are totally responsible for how their children turn out). Informed consent = Participants should be made aware of how taking part in the research may affect them.</p> Signup and view all the answers