Evolutionary Biology Concepts Quiz

A small group separating from a larger group.

1. Species living today descended from ancestral species in what Darwin called "descent with modification." 2. Natural Selection is a mechanism for evolution.

Over generations, natural selection of inherited traits could give rise to new species.

<p>A chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Study of past and present distribution of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>observing phenomena using the five senses; capturing information by watching participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations create genetic diversity in a population where certain organisms have higher fitness than others. Descent with modification occurs which leads to the adaptation of the population to its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>similarity resulting from common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gradual change in a species over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>evolutionary changes occur through shifts in allele frequencies within a group of interbreeding individuals over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shifts in allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>provides diversity of traits to be selected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p + q = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating (A), Large population (B), No selection (C), No mutations (E), No migration (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a greater effect because it works faster in smaller populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size usually due random environmental event killing its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>views a species in terms of its ecological niche</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reproductive isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prevents gene flow between populations, allowing them to accumulate genetic differences and evolve independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced hybrid viability (A), Hybrid breakdown (B), Behavioral isolation (C), Reduced hybrid fertility (D), Habitat isolation (E), Mechanical isolation (F), Temporal isolation (G), Gametic isolation (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>polyploidy, habitat differentiation, sexual selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>members of species become geographically separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of new species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations within a single species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>competition between members of different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>single species evolves into array of descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>endosymbiosis where one prokaryotic cell engulfed another, forming a symbiotic relationship that eventually led to the evolution of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some organisms are more likely to fossilize than others, and geological changes can destroy or distort fossils. This can lead to gaps in the fossil record and make it difficult to reconstruct the complete evolutionary history of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Origin of self-replicating molecules (A), Polymers became enclosed in membranes, forming protocells (B), Nucleotides and amino acids produced prior to the existence of cells (C), Polymerization into larger molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.6 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.5 BYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 bya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>.8 bya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>.5 bya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affect on environment Climate/temperature Atmosphere Land masses Flood Glaciation Volcanic eruptions Meteoric</p> <p>Affect on living organisms</p> <ul> <li>genetic changes</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The deeper the strata found in, the older the fossil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>it affects phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>by revealing shared embryonic features and developmental processes that reflect common ancestry, highlighting similarities between species that may not be apparent in their adult forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>simple vesicle-like structures that harbor nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>an opening in the sea floor out of which heated mineral-rich water flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>deep sea vents that release water that has a high pH (9-11) and is warm (40-90ºC) rather than hot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a cell that lives within a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>earliest part of the Paleozoic era, when a huge diversity of animal species evolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>one cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell without a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>genetic drift, where random changes in allele frequencies occur over generations, allowing these mutations to become more common even though they don't affect an organism's fitness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>genes can jump between different species or unrelated species can evolve similar traits, confusing the true evolutionary paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kingdom phylum class ordernfamily genus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a group of organisms in a classification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

small group separating from larger group

Species descended from ancestral species by natural selection.

Collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers.

Individuals with inherited traits survive and reproduce better.

Similarities between organisms from a common ancestor.

Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits in similar environments.

Change in a DNA sequence affecting genetic information.

Movement of alleles between populations.

Formation of new species.

Single species evolves into diverse descendants.

Combined genetic information of a population.

Large-scale evolutionary changes over time.

Natural selection favors one extreme phenotype.

Reduction in genetic diversity due to population size drop.

Region where different species meet and mate.

Group of populations capable of fertile offspring.

Separation preventing interbreeding between populations.

Gene transfer between organisms, not through reproduction.

Competition between individuals of different species.

Uses DNA comparisons to estimate evolutionary time.

Group including an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Group with a common ancestor, but some descendants are missing.

Group derived from multiple ancestors.

Time for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.

Natural selection that favors one extreme variation.

Favors individuals at both extremes of a trait range.

Favors intermediate variants, acting against extremes.

Remnant structure with no clear function in modern species.