Evolutionary Biology Concepts
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Which type of selection occurs when individuals with intermediate traits are more likely to survive compared to those with extreme traits?

  • Directional selection
  • Sexual selection
  • Stabilizing selection (correct)
  • Disruptive selection

Which of the following best describes genetic drift?

  • Evolutionary change resulting from interbreeding individuals.
  • Change in allele frequency due to natural selection.
  • Random changes in allele frequency independent of advantage. (correct)
  • The selection of traits that confer a reproductive advantage.

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is true about the allele frequencies over time?

  • They fluctuate dramatically.
  • They only change due to selection.
  • They must equal one.
  • They remain the same. (correct)

Which statement accurately describes convergent evolution?

<p>It happens when two unrelated species develop similarities due to living in similar environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would disruptive selection likely occur?

<p>In environments with distinct patches that suit different phenotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation led Darwin and Wallace to formulate their theory of natural selection?

<p>Species on nearby islands show similarities yet are distinct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for natural selection to occur within a population?

<p>Phenotypic variation that can affect reproductive success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism prevents two species from mating due to differences in mating rituals?

<p>Behavioral isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a postzygotic isolating mechanism?

<p>Hybrid inviability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a true statement regarding evolution and natural selection?

<p>Mutations determine which traits will survive based on environmental advantages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason Huntington's disease persists in the population despite its negative effects?

<p>Symptoms appear after reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

<p>Random mating must take place among individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When allele frequencies are represented in a Hardy-Weinberg calculation, what do 'p' and 'q' represent?

<p>The frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario disrupts genetic equilibrium in a population?

<p>Introduction of a novel mutation affecting a key trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

<p>Limited random mating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes vestigial structures in the context of evolution?

<p>They are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in ancestral species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of convergent evolution?

<p>The evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states the main distinction between homologous and analogous traits?

<p>Homologous traits arise from a common ancestor, while analogous traits do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of divergent evolution?

<p>Modern elephants and mammoths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes artificial selection?

<p>The selection of specific traits in organisms by human choice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best exemplifies an analogous structure?

<p>A cat's leg and an ant's leg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of analogical traits, which statement is true?

<p>They arise from different species adapting to similar environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key observation by Darwin and Wallace regarding species in different regions?

<p>Species exhibit similar characteristics in different regions despite being unrelated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of genetic equilibrium?

<p>Natural selection leading to specific traits becoming more common. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Convergent evolution

Unrelated species in different environments develop similar traits due to natural selection.

Natural Selection

Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Traits are passed to their offspring, leading to evolutionary change.

Phenotypic variation

Differences in observable traits between individuals within a species.

Reproductive success

The ability of an organism to successfully produce offspring.

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Vestigial structure

Structures that have lost their original function in an organism but are still present.

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A population where allele frequencies remain constant over generations, meaning no evolution is occurring.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence, creating variations that can be passed to the next generation.

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Gene flow

Movement of genes from one population to another.

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Artificial Selection

The process where humans intentionally select organisms with desirable traits to reproduce, influencing the evolution of a species.

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Fossil Record

The collection of preserved remains and traces of past life, providing evidence for evolution and changes in species over time.

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Analogous Traits

Traits that have similar function but different underlying structures, arising from convergent evolution in unrelated species.

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Homologous Traits

Traits that share similar underlying structures but may have different functions, indicating a common evolutionary origin.

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Parallel Evolution

The process where two or more unrelated species independently evolve similar traits while remaining in similar environments.

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Analogous Structures

Structures that resemble each other and have similar functions, but are the result of separate evolutionary pathways.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies within a population, independent of their advantage or disadvantage.

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Allele Frequency

The proportion of a specific allele within a population.

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Stabilizing Selection

Selection that favors intermediate traits, eliminating extreme variations.

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Disruptive Selection

Selection that favors extreme traits, leading to two distinct phenotypes.

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Directional Selection

Selection that favors one extreme of a trait, shifting the population towards that direction.

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Prezygotic Isolation

Reproductive barriers that prevent mating or fertilization, occurring before the formation of a zygote.

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Study Notes

Artificial Selection

  • Process where humans select organisms to live and reproduce based on traits
  • Leads to significant changes in observable characteristics (phenotype)
  • Fossil record provides evidence of evolutionary changes

Analogous Traits

  • Similar morphology in unrelated species
  • Result of similar ecological niches, not shared ancestry
  • Example: penguin's fin and dolphin's fin (both aquatic)
  • Same function, different structures (e.g., bird wing vs. insect wing)

Homologous Traits

  • Similar structure in related species
  • Evolved from a common ancestor
  • Example: human arm and whale's flipper (shared skeletal structure)
  • Different functions, similar structure

Convergent Evolution

  • Unrelated species evolve similar characteristics in response to similar environments.
  • Example: wings in birds, bats, and insects

Divergent Evolution

  • Two or more species diverge from a common ancestor
  • Example: elephants and mammoths
  • Develop unique characteristics despite shared ancestry

Convergent Evolution Example

  • Species develop similar traits without sharing common ancestor
  • Example: wings in birds, bats, and insects

Natural Selection

  • Favors organisms with traits increasing survival and reproduction in a specific environment
  • Traits passed to offspring, contributing to evolutionary change
  • Environment plays a key role in trait adaptation

Mutation

  • Change in DNA
  • Can lead to new traits
  • A driving force of evolution

Gene Flow

  • Movement of genes between populations
  • Can lead to similarities in traits

Nonrandom Mating

  • Individuals preferentially mate with others sharing similar traits
  • Affects allele frequencies

Genetic Drift

  • Random changes in allele frequency
  • Can be significant in small populations

Selection

  • Some alleles are more beneficial than others
  • Beneficial traits are more likely to be passed on.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

  • Population's allele and genotype frequencies stay constant without evolution
  • Requires specific conditions are met (no mutations, migration, etc.) -Allele frequencies -Gene frequencies

Types of Selection

  • Stabilizing Selection - intermediate traits are favored (mice)
  • Disruptive Selection - extreme traits are favored (example of mice)
  • Directional Selection - one extreme trait is favoured (example of mice)

Prezygotic Isolation

  • Prevents zygote formation
  • Geographical isolation - Different areas
  • Ecological Isolation - Different habitats within the same area.
  • Temporal Isolation - Different mating times
  • Behavioral Isolation - Different courtship rituals
  • Mechanical Isolation - Incompatible reproductive structures.

Postzygotic Isolation

  • Problems arise after zygote formation
  • Hybrid inviability - Zygote cannot develop
  • Hybrid infertility - Zygote can develop but is infertile

Speciation

  • Formation of new species.
  • Allopatric - Different locations
  • Sympatric - Same location

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Related Documents

Exam 4 Guide - Evolution PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of artificial selection, analogous traits, homologous traits, convergent and divergent evolution. This quiz will test your understanding of how these processes influence the evolution of species and their observable characteristics.

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