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Questions and Answers
What technology does the PSTN primarily use for established calls?
What technology does the PSTN primarily use for established calls?
Which generation of mobile communication introduced SMS and basic data services?
Which generation of mobile communication introduced SMS and basic data services?
What is the primary purpose of using antenna arrays in telecommunication systems?
What is the primary purpose of using antenna arrays in telecommunication systems?
What is a characteristic of ISDN?
What is a characteristic of ISDN?
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Which type of antenna array consists of antennas arranged in a straight line?
Which type of antenna array consists of antennas arranged in a straight line?
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Which type of network covers a large geographic area and connects multiple LANs?
Which type of network covers a large geographic area and connects multiple LANs?
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What technique does beamforming utilize in antenna arrays?
What technique does beamforming utilize in antenna arrays?
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What type of broadband technology utilizes coaxial cables?
What type of broadband technology utilizes coaxial cables?
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Which technological capability was enhanced in 3G networks?
Which technological capability was enhanced in 3G networks?
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Which of the following best defines Hybrid Beamforming?
Which of the following best defines Hybrid Beamforming?
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Which of these mobile communication generations is known for ultra-fast speeds and low latency?
Which of these mobile communication generations is known for ultra-fast speeds and low latency?
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What characterizes Smart Antennas?
What characterizes Smart Antennas?
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What defines a LAN (Local Area Network)?
What defines a LAN (Local Area Network)?
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Which type of antenna array is arranged in a two-dimensional grid?
Which type of antenna array is arranged in a two-dimensional grid?
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What is the function of Switched Beam Systems in smart antennas?
What is the function of Switched Beam Systems in smart antennas?
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Which type of beamforming adjusts the phase of signals using analog circuits?
Which type of beamforming adjusts the phase of signals using analog circuits?
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What is one of the key features of HSPA+ that enhances data rates?
What is one of the key features of HSPA+ that enhances data rates?
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What technology does HSPA+ utilize to improve downlink performance?
What technology does HSPA+ utilize to improve downlink performance?
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What is the peak data rate achievable in the downlink using HSPA+?
What is the peak data rate achievable in the downlink using HSPA+?
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Which of the following applications can utilize HSPA+ technology?
Which of the following applications can utilize HSPA+ technology?
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What is a significant advantage of HSPA+ compared to traditional 3G technologies?
What is a significant advantage of HSPA+ compared to traditional 3G technologies?
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What challenge is associated with HSPA+ network upgrades?
What challenge is associated with HSPA+ network upgrades?
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What can affect battery life in mobile devices using HSPA+?
What can affect battery life in mobile devices using HSPA+?
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Which characteristic of HSPA+ allows compatibility with existing technologies?
Which characteristic of HSPA+ allows compatibility with existing technologies?
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What is the primary goal of Radio Resource Management (RRM)?
What is the primary goal of Radio Resource Management (RRM)?
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Which function of RRM involves adjusting transmission power to maintain signal quality?
Which function of RRM involves adjusting transmission power to maintain signal quality?
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What function of RRM is responsible for ensuring ongoing sessions are not degraded by new arrivals?
What function of RRM is responsible for ensuring ongoing sessions are not degraded by new arrivals?
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Which RRM strategy aids in managing traffic distribution to avoid congestion?
Which RRM strategy aids in managing traffic distribution to avoid congestion?
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Handover Management in RRM refers to which process?
Handover Management in RRM refers to which process?
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What does Resource Allocation involve in RRM?
What does Resource Allocation involve in RRM?
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What is the purpose of Interference Management within RRM?
What is the purpose of Interference Management within RRM?
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Which of the following is not an objective of Radio Resource Management?
Which of the following is not an objective of Radio Resource Management?
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What is the primary goal of packet scheduling in a network?
What is the primary goal of packet scheduling in a network?
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Which performance metric is crucial for minimizing the time taken for data packets to travel?
Which performance metric is crucial for minimizing the time taken for data packets to travel?
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What does the term 'fairness' refer to in the context of packet scheduling?
What does the term 'fairness' refer to in the context of packet scheduling?
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What is meant by 'throughput' in the context of packet scheduling?
What is meant by 'throughput' in the context of packet scheduling?
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What does QoS stand for, and why is it important in packet scheduling?
What does QoS stand for, and why is it important in packet scheduling?
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Which aspect of resource allocation can affect mobility management in wireless networks?
Which aspect of resource allocation can affect mobility management in wireless networks?
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What challenge does scalability address in RRM strategies for wireless networks?
What challenge does scalability address in RRM strategies for wireless networks?
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What is one of the primary objectives of packet scheduling in relation to user access?
What is one of the primary objectives of packet scheduling in relation to user access?
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Study Notes
Telecommunication Technologies
- PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Traditional phone network designed for voice communication using circuit-switched technology.
- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): Communication standards integrating voice, data, and video services on one network.
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Broadband Technologies:
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): High-speed internet over copper telephone lines.
- Cable Broadband: Internet service via coaxial cables, typically from cable TV providers.
Mobile Communication Systems
- 2G: Introduced digital signals, enabling SMS and basic data services.
- 3G: Enhanced data capabilities for internet browsing and video calls.
- 4G: Provided high-speed internet, supporting HD video streaming and quick data transfers.
- 5G: Latest standard offering ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and IoT device support.
Network Types
- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited area (e.g., home Wi-Fi).
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs (e.g., internet).
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Services a city or campus, linking buildings (e.g., university networks).
Antenna Array Techniques
- Antenna Array: Multiple antennas configured to enhance signal strength and direction.
- Objectives: Increase signal gain, directivity, and improve communication quality.
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Types of Antenna Arrays:
- Linear Arrays: Antennas in a straight line (e.g., Uniform Linear Array).
- Planar Arrays: Antennas in a 2D grid (e.g., Uniform Rectangular Array).
- Circular Arrays: Antennas arranged in a circular format (e.g., Uniform Circular Array).
Beamforming
- Beamforming: Signal processing technique directing signals in specific directions.
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Types:
- Analog Beamforming: Adjusts phase using analog circuits.
- Digital Beamforming: Employs digital signal processing for phase and amplitude adjustments.
- Hybrid Beamforming: Combines both analog and digital techniques.
Smart Antennas
- Smart Antennas: Adapt radiation patterns based on the environment and user location.
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Types:
- Switched Beam Systems: Selects the optimal predefined beam pattern.
- Adaptive Array Systems: Continuously adjusts patterns to minimize interference.
HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA)
- Introduction: Enhanced version of HSPA, offering higher data rates and performance.
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Key Features:
- 64-QAM Modulation: Increases data rates through higher-order modulation.
- MIMO: Enhances downlink performance.
- Dual-Carrier HSPA+: Doubles data rate by combining two 5 MHz carriers.
- Technical Specifications: Peak data rates of 42 Mbps downlink and 11.5 Mbps uplink.
Applications of HSPA Technologies
- Mobile Internet: High-speed access for web browsing and video streaming.
- VoIP and Video Calls: Supports high-quality communication over IP networks.
- Enterprise Services: Boosts remote work and business applications with reliable connectivity.
Advantages and Challenges
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Advantages:
- High Data Rates: Superior speed compared to traditional 3G.
- Improved User Experience: Faster downloads/uploads.
- Backward Compatibility: Works with existing 3G networks for smoother upgrades.
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Challenges:
- Network Upgrades: Requires infrastructure enhancements.
- Interference Management: Difficult in dense urban environments.
- Battery Life Impact: High-speed transmissions may reduce device battery life.
Radio Resource Management and Packet Scheduling
- RRM (Radio Resource Management): Strategies to manage radio resources efficiently in wireless systems, optimizing spectrum use and ensuring quality of service (QoS).
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Key Functions of RRM:
- Admission Control: Evaluates new call acceptance based on resources and QoS.
- Resource Allocation: Assigns resources based on user needs and conditions.
- Power Control: Adjusts transmission power for signal quality.
- Handover Management: Manages user connections across cells for seamless service.
- Load Balancing: Distributes traffic to prevent congestion.
- Interference Management: Reduces interference for better signal quality.
Packet Scheduling Algorithms and Techniques
- Packet Scheduling: Determines the order/timing of data packet transmissions to enhance network efficiency and ensure fairness.
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Objectives:
- Maximize throughput and efficiency.
- Provide fair access to network resources.
- Meet various QoS requirements.
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Key Concepts:
- QoS: Performance metrics that dictate service quality.
- Throughput: Rate of successful data packet transmission indicating efficiency.
- Fairness: Ensuring all users have equitable access to network resources.
- Delay: Time for packets to travel from source to destination, critical for real-time applications.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts and technologies related to telecommunication systems, including PSTN and ISDN. Understand how these systems facilitate communication through circuit-switched and digital networks. Test your knowledge on the foundational elements of telecommunication.