DCIT426 Telecommunication Systems

Questions and Answers

What technology does the PSTN primarily use for established calls?

Fiber-optic technology

Circuit-switched technology (correct)

Wireless technology

Packet-switched technology

Which generation of mobile communication introduced SMS and basic data services?

2G (correct)

What is the primary purpose of using antenna arrays in telecommunication systems?

To operate only in one direction

To increase latency in communications

To reduce signal strength

To enhance signal strength and direct signals (correct)

What is a characteristic of ISDN?

Integrates voice, data, and video services Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antenna array consists of antennas arranged in a straight line?

Linear Array Signup and view all the answers

Which type of network covers a large geographic area and connects multiple LANs?

WAN (Wide Area Network) Signup and view all the answers

What technique does beamforming utilize in antenna arrays?

Adjusting signal transmission or reception directions Signup and view all the answers

What type of broadband technology utilizes coaxial cables?

Cable broadband Signup and view all the answers

Which technological capability was enhanced in 3G networks?

Internet browsing and video calling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines Hybrid Beamforming?

Combining both analog and digital techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which of these mobile communication generations is known for ultra-fast speeds and low latency?

5G Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Smart Antennas?

They adapt adaptively based on environment and user locations Signup and view all the answers

What defines a LAN (Local Area Network)?

Connects computers within a limited area Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antenna array is arranged in a two-dimensional grid?

Uniform Rectangular Array Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Switched Beam Systems in smart antennas?

To select the best predefined beam pattern for communication Signup and view all the answers

Which type of beamforming adjusts the phase of signals using analog circuits?

Analog Beamforming Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of HSPA+ that enhances data rates?

64-QAM Modulation Signup and view all the answers

What technology does HSPA+ utilize to improve downlink performance?

MIMO Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak data rate achievable in the downlink using HSPA+?

42 Mbps Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications can utilize HSPA+ technology?

VoIP and Video Calls Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of HSPA+ compared to traditional 3G technologies?

High Data Rates Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with HSPA+ network upgrades?

Network Infrastructure Upgrades Signup and view all the answers

What can affect battery life in mobile devices using HSPA+?

High-speed data transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of HSPA+ allows compatibility with existing technologies?

Backward Compatibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Radio Resource Management (RRM)?

To optimize the use of available spectrum and improve network performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which function of RRM involves adjusting transmission power to maintain signal quality?

Power Control Signup and view all the answers

What function of RRM is responsible for ensuring ongoing sessions are not degraded by new arrivals?

Admission Control Signup and view all the answers

Which RRM strategy aids in managing traffic distribution to avoid congestion?

Load Balancing Signup and view all the answers

Handover Management in RRM refers to which process?

Transitioning a user's connection from one cell to another. Signup and view all the answers

What does Resource Allocation involve in RRM?

Allocating time slots and channels to users. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Interference Management within RRM?

To improve signal quality by reducing interference. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an objective of Radio Resource Management?

Removing all users from the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of packet scheduling in a network?

To optimize the use of network resources while meeting QoS requirements Signup and view all the answers

Which performance metric is crucial for minimizing the time taken for data packets to travel?

Delay Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fairness' refer to in the context of packet scheduling?

Preventing any single user or application from monopolizing the network Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'throughput' in the context of packet scheduling?

The rate at which data packets are successfully transmitted over the network Signup and view all the answers

What does QoS stand for, and why is it important in packet scheduling?

Quality of Service; to define performance metrics for applications Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of resource allocation can affect mobility management in wireless networks?

User speed while transitioning between cells Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does scalability address in RRM strategies for wireless networks?

Accommodating the growing number of users and devices Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary objectives of packet scheduling in relation to user access?

To provide fair access to network resources Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Telecommunication Technologies

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Traditional phone network designed for voice communication using circuit-switched technology.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): Communication standards integrating voice, data, and video services on one network.
Broadband Technologies:
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): High-speed internet over copper telephone lines.
- Cable Broadband: Internet service via coaxial cables, typically from cable TV providers.

Mobile Communication Systems

2G: Introduced digital signals, enabling SMS and basic data services.
3G: Enhanced data capabilities for internet browsing and video calls.
4G: Provided high-speed internet, supporting HD video streaming and quick data transfers.
5G: Latest standard offering ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and IoT device support.

Network Types

LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited area (e.g., home Wi-Fi).
WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs (e.g., internet).
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Services a city or campus, linking buildings (e.g., university networks).

Antenna Array Techniques

Antenna Array: Multiple antennas configured to enhance signal strength and direction.
Objectives: Increase signal gain, directivity, and improve communication quality.
Types of Antenna Arrays:
- Linear Arrays: Antennas in a straight line (e.g., Uniform Linear Array).
- Planar Arrays: Antennas in a 2D grid (e.g., Uniform Rectangular Array).
- Circular Arrays: Antennas arranged in a circular format (e.g., Uniform Circular Array).

Beamforming

Beamforming: Signal processing technique directing signals in specific directions.
Types:
- Analog Beamforming: Adjusts phase using analog circuits.
- Digital Beamforming: Employs digital signal processing for phase and amplitude adjustments.
- Hybrid Beamforming: Combines both analog and digital techniques.

Smart Antennas

Smart Antennas: Adapt radiation patterns based on the environment and user location.
Types:
- Switched Beam Systems: Selects the optimal predefined beam pattern.
- Adaptive Array Systems: Continuously adjusts patterns to minimize interference.

HSPA+ (Evolved HSPA)

Introduction: Enhanced version of HSPA, offering higher data rates and performance.
Key Features:
- 64-QAM Modulation: Increases data rates through higher-order modulation.
- MIMO: Enhances downlink performance.
- Dual-Carrier HSPA+: Doubles data rate by combining two 5 MHz carriers.
Technical Specifications: Peak data rates of 42 Mbps downlink and 11.5 Mbps uplink.

Applications of HSPA Technologies

Mobile Internet: High-speed access for web browsing and video streaming.
VoIP and Video Calls: Supports high-quality communication over IP networks.
Enterprise Services: Boosts remote work and business applications with reliable connectivity.

Advantages and Challenges

Advantages:
- High Data Rates: Superior speed compared to traditional 3G.
- Improved User Experience: Faster downloads/uploads.
- Backward Compatibility: Works with existing 3G networks for smoother upgrades.
Challenges:
- Network Upgrades: Requires infrastructure enhancements.
- Interference Management: Difficult in dense urban environments.
- Battery Life Impact: High-speed transmissions may reduce device battery life.

Radio Resource Management and Packet Scheduling

RRM (Radio Resource Management): Strategies to manage radio resources efficiently in wireless systems, optimizing spectrum use and ensuring quality of service (QoS).
Key Functions of RRM:
- Admission Control: Evaluates new call acceptance based on resources and QoS.
- Resource Allocation: Assigns resources based on user needs and conditions.
- Power Control: Adjusts transmission power for signal quality.
- Handover Management: Manages user connections across cells for seamless service.
- Load Balancing: Distributes traffic to prevent congestion.
- Interference Management: Reduces interference for better signal quality.

Packet Scheduling Algorithms and Techniques

Packet Scheduling: Determines the order/timing of data packet transmissions to enhance network efficiency and ensure fairness.
Objectives:
- Maximize throughput and efficiency.
- Provide fair access to network resources.
- Meet various QoS requirements.
Key Concepts:
- QoS: Performance metrics that dictate service quality.
- Throughput: Rate of successful data packet transmission indicating efficiency.
- Fairness: Ensuring all users have equitable access to network resources.
- Delay: Time for packets to travel from source to destination, critical for real-time applications.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts and technologies related to telecommunication systems, including PSTN and ISDN. Understand how these systems facilitate communication through circuit-switched and digital networks. Test your knowledge on the foundational elements of telecommunication.

DCIT426 Telecommunication Systems - Handout