Evolution of Open Genetic Programs
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Questions and Answers

What processes contribute to the genetic makeup and phenotypic traits of species over evolutionary history?

  • Mutation and genetic drift
  • Natural selection and genetic drift
  • Genetic variation and genetic drift
  • Mutation and natural selection (correct)

    • How do species gradually accumulate genetic variations that are beneficial for survival and reproduction?

  • By adapting to different niches
  • By avoiding competition with other species
  • Through environmental changes
  • Through random genetic mutations (correct)

    • Which process favors traits that increase fitness in a given environment?

  • Adaptation to ecological niches
  • Mutation
  • Genetic drift
  • Natural selection (correct)

    • How do individual animals experience selection pressures during their lifetime?

    <p>Through environmental challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might species evolve specialized adaptations to specific ecological niches over time?

    <p>To utilize resources efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In species where critical behaviors are essential for immediate survival or reproductive success and occur infrequently or only once in an individual's lifetime, what type of genetic program may natural selection favor?

    <p>Closed genetic programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of closed genetic programs?

    <p>They are robust and reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example where a closed genetic program is advantageous?

    <p>Mate recognition and selection in species with infrequent mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behaviors are often encoded in an organism's genetic makeup under a closed genetic program?

    <p>Behaviors that are pre-determined and stereotyped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a significant role in determining whether natural selection favors an open or closed genetic program for a given behavior?

    <p>The species' life history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors determine whether natural selection favors the evolution of open or closed genetic programs for a behavior?

    <p>The species' evolutionary history and reproductive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains why Coho salmon exhibit different breeding strategies?

    <p>To adapt to varying ecological and social conditions for increased reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do jacks, as a breeding strategy in Coho salmon, have over hooknoses?

    <p>Jacks mature early and return to freshwater sooner to avoid predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the variability in innate and learned behaviors contribute to the overall fitness of species?

    <p>Balancing both types of behaviors allows for flexibility in coping with various conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for male Coho salmon to have diversified breeding strategies?

    <p>To maximize reproductive success in variable environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic programs are beneficial for species with more variable or unpredictable environments?

    <p>Open genetic programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe innate behaviors that are pre-determined and relatively inflexible due to being shaped by evolutionary processes?

    <p>Closed genetic programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species' breeding strategy favors the evolution of closed genetic programs for mating behaviors?

    <p>Coho Salmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are behaviors gradually modified over generations according to the text?

    <p>Via natural selection acting on genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproductive strategy do Coho Salmon exhibit?

    <p>Semelparous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'species memory' refer to in the context of adaptive changes?

    <p>Inherited behaviors from previous generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor favors the evolution of innate, hard-wired behaviors in mating for Coho Salmon?

    <p>Limited opportunities for mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do species with complex social structures benefit from open genetic programs?

    <p>For greater behavioral flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the passing of behaviors conferring survival advantages to subsequent generations?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are instinctive behaviors considered 'robust and stereotyped' according to the text?

    <p>Serving important functions for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables individuals to adjust their behavior in response to changing environmental conditions?

    <p>Behavioral plasticity and learning mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the selection of traits during an individual's lifetime that enhance its survival and reproductive success?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the development of animals and their adaptation to environments over generations?

    <p>Evolutionary history of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of an individual's history involves traits that enhance survival and reproductive success?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the accumulated adaptive changes in a species over generations?

    <p>Evolutionary history of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor plays a crucial role in shaping mating preferences in Blue Tits according to the text?

    <p>Social interactions and learning experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might genetic differences between species contribute to differences in mating behavior?

    <p>By influencing the strength of imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which cross-fostering experiments help in understanding behavior and mating preferences in songbirds?

    <p>By providing insights into genetic predispositions and social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can Blue Tits raised by individuals of a different species still exhibit conspecific mating preferences?

    <p>As a result of social learning from conspecifics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genetic predispositions interact with social interactions to influence behavior in songbirds?

    <p>By influencing the strength of imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do environmental experiences contribute to shaping behavior in songbirds?

    <p>By influencing imprinting processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to differences in pair bonding success between species?

    <p>Ecological niche specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do social cues from conspecifics play in the mating choices of Blue Tits raised by different species?

    <p>They provide important social learning experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genetic factors' mentioned in the text are primarily associated with which aspect of bird behavior and mating preferences?

    <p>Strength of imprinting and pairing likelihood</p> Signup and view all the answers

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