48 Questions
According to Fayol's principles of classical management, which of the following is considered essential for efficiency?
Division of work
What is emphasized as the natural result of authority in classical management according to Fayol's principles?
Responsibility
In classical management, what is considered the best way to obtain obedience to rules and work agreements?
Judicious use of sanctions and penalties
What is the focus of modern or systems approach in management theories?
Considering the organization as an interconnected and interdependent system
According to Herzberg's dual-factor theory, motivators in organizational motivation can include which of the following?
Achievement and recognition
Which theory suggests that people perform to receive rewards and avoid punishment?
Operant conditioning
What are the two distinct dimensions of leader behavior in the situational management approach?
Initiating structure and consideration
According to McGregor's Theory X, what does it assume about employees?
They inherently dislike work
What does expectancy theory combine to explain decision-making and behavior?
Individual and organizational factors
Which theory emphasizes showing interest in employees as individuals?
Human relations theory
What types of power are used by leaders to influence the behavior of others?
Coercive, reward, and legitimate power
What does achievement motivation theory include in satisfying individual needs within an organization?
Needs for power, achievement, and affiliation
What does scientific management focus on for motivating employees?
Monetary rewards
What does leadership involve in relation to objectives?
Influencing others towards achieving objectives
What does management involve in relation to goals?
Integrating resources to achieve goals
Where do leaders acquire power from?
Their ability to reward and punish, position in the organization, expertise, and personal characteristics
What are the components of planning?
Vision, core values, slogan, mission statement
What do policies serve as in an organization?
Decision-making guides for consistency with the organization’s strategy
What skills do managers need?
Technical, human, and conceptual
What does an organization chart present?
Basic groupings and relationships of positions and functions
What is a job specification?
A written statement of the minimum standards that must be met by an applicant for a particular job
Where does motivation stem from?
Internal and external forces within an individual and the organization
What is crucial for leaders in creating an environment for self-motivation?
Creating an environment for self-motivation
Which theories are foundational to understanding motivational theories?
Abraham Maslow’s need hierarchy theory and McClelland's theory based on needs
What are the two types of leadership power mentioned in the text?
Expert power and referent power
Which form of communication is mentioned as the most common and effective in the text?
Oral communication
What is mentioned as a method to enhance understanding in communication?
Using visual aids with oral communication
What is crucial in organizational actions, with diversity often requiring a change in organizational culture and leadership support?
Ethics and social responsibility
What does supervision involve in the context of human resource management?
Coordinating, directing, and leading employees
What are the three phases of change management mentioned in the text?
Preparing for, managing, and reinforcing change
What does staffing in human resource management aim to match?
Task requirements with people's skills
What do skill standards define in the context of job success?
The necessary level of performance
What does the employment process involve in human resource management?
Outlining employment needs through organizational charts, job descriptions, and job specifications
What are examples of recruitment methods mentioned in the text?
Internal promotion, transfers, rehiring, and external sources such as advertising, employment agencies, schools, and labor unions
What does the selection process in human resource management involve?
Carefully selecting the most capable person through application forms, interviews, and reference checks, often supplemented by intelligence, trade, and aptitude tests
What are considerations mentioned for training in human resource management?
Adult learning characteristics, group training for efficiency and participation, and on-the-job training for practical skill development
Which theory emphasizes the importance of employee relationships in organizations?
Human relations theory
What does management science focus on?
Quantitative techniques for decision-making
Which theory advocates for managerial approaches to be adjusted to fit the specific situation?
Contingency theory
What does systems theory emphasize?
Feedback and hierarchy of systems
Which theory suggests that managers work with the nonlinearity of processes?
Chaos theory
What are the basic functions of management?
Planning, organizing, staffing, directing
What does strategic management involve?
Crafting a strategic vision
What is strategic planning?
A written document that assesses the current state of the organization
What has management science led to the development of?
Management information systems (MIS)
What does modern management theory integrate?
Classical, human relations, and management science ideas
What does fair remuneration fall under?
Classical management principles
What does management science focus on researching?
Operations and the use of quantitative techniques
Study Notes
Evolution of Management Theories
- Classical management principles include unity of command, direction, subordination of individual interest to general interest, fair remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.
- Human relations theory emerged as a response to the deficiencies of classical theory, emphasizing behavioral sciences and the importance of employee relationships in organizations.
- Management science combines ideas from classical and human relations theories and focuses on research on operations and the use of quantitative techniques to aid decision-making.
- Management science has led to the development of management information systems (MIS) and tools like linear programming, queuing models, and PERT for effective planning and control.
- Modern management theories integrate classical, human relations, and management science ideas, reflecting the complex nature of today's organizations.
- Systems theory emphasizes feedback, hierarchy of systems, interdependency, and wholism, recognizing that the organization as a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Contingency theory advocates for managerial approaches to be adjusted to fit the specific situation, considering factors like workforce characteristics and organizational goals.
- Chaos theory suggests that managers work with the nonlinearity of processes, as systems become more complex and volatile, requiring more energy to maintain stability.
- Strategic management involves steering the organization through strategic change under conditions of complexity and uncertainty.
- Strategic management includes tasks like forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategic plan, implementing and executing the plan, and making corrective adjustments over time.
- Strategic planning is a written document that assesses the current state of the organization and outlines what it should do to achieve its mission, goals, and objectives.
- The basic functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting, with the fundamental purpose being the leadership of individuals and groups to accomplish organizational goals.
Explore the evolution of management theories with this quiz, covering classical principles, human relations theory, management science, modern management, systems theory, contingency theory, chaos theory, and strategic management. Test your knowledge of the key concepts and principles in the dynamic field of management.
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