Evolution and Population Genetics

What is the fundamental source of all new genetic variation within a population?

Which of the following defines evolution in terms of population genetics?

Why can it be challenging to quantify evolution in natural populations?

What is the first step in determining if a population is evolving?

After calculating the expected genotype frequencies, what is the next step in assessing whether evolution is occurring?

If observed genotype frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what can be concluded?

Sexual reproduction contributes to evolution primarily by:

Alleles that enhance survival and reproduction within a population will most likely:

In a rabbit population of 15 individuals, considering a single gene locus, what is the total number of alleles present in the gene pool?

In a population of 30 alleles, if there are 20 'A' alleles, what is the frequency of the 'a' allele?

What is the primary focus when modeling the genetics of a population?

What is the initial step in modeling the genetics of a population of organisms?

How do evolutionary forces primarily affect populations?

In the context of population genetics, what does random mating primarily ensure, assuming no evolutionary forces are acting on the population?

Which of the following factors is essential to consider when examining the effects of natural selection on a population?

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what can you infer about the evolutionary forces acting upon it?

In a population of sea urchins, the frequency of the 'r' allele (q) is 0.4. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the 'R' allele (p)?

In a sea urchin population, the frequency of the RR genotype is observed to be 0.49. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the R allele?

A population of sea urchins is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the color gene. If the frequency of the 'rr' genotype is 0.04, what is the frequency of the 'Rr' genotype?

In a large sea urchin population, you find that the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (rr) for color is 0.16. What percentage of the population would you expect to be heterozygous (Rr), assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A researcher observes a sea urchin population where the frequency of the R allele is 0.7. What is the expected combined frequency of the RR and Rr genotypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A population of sea urchins has two alleles for a color gene: R and r. You sample 500 urchins and find that 455 have red coloration (RR or Rr) and 45 have white coloration (rr). What is the calculated frequency of the r allele in this population?

In a sea urchin population, the observed frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype 'rr' is 0.09. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the dominant phenotype?

If a sea urchin population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of the dominant R allele is 0.6, what proportion of the next generation is predicted to be heterozygous (Rr)?

In a population, what distinguishes a homozygous dominant individual from a heterozygous individual?

If a population of butterflies has three genotypes for wing color: $BB$ (black), $Bb$ (black), and $bb$ (white), what genetic principle explains why both $BB$ and $Bb$ butterflies have black wings?

Consider a population of 20 individuals where 5 are $AA$, 10 are $Aa$, and 5 are $aa$. What is the frequency of the 'a' allele in the gene pool?

In a population of birds, the frequency of the $AA$ genotype is 0.49. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the A allele?

If a trait is recessive and only expressed in individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype, what proportion of a population would need to be carriers (heterozygous) for there to be a noticeable number of affected individuals?

In a population of fish, body size is determined by a single gene with two alleles: $L$ (large) and $l$ (small). If the frequency of the $L$ allele is 0.6, and the population consists of 500 fish, approximately how many fish would you expect to be heterozygous ($Ll$)? Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

In a certain species of plant, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (r). A botanist observes a population of these plants and finds that 84% have red flowers. What is the highest possible frequency of the recessive allele (r) in this population?

A researcher is studying a gene in a population of beetles. They find that the gene has three alleles: A1, A2, and A3. They genotype 100 beetles and find the following:

• A1A1: 10 beetles
• A1A2: 20 beetles
• A2A2: 15 beetles
• A1A3: 5 beetles
• A2A3: 25 beetles
• A3A3: 25 beetles

What is the frequency of the A2 allele in this population?

In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the relationship between allele frequencies (p and q) and genotype frequencies?

A population has two alleles for a gene: R and r. The frequency of the R allele is 0.7. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Rr)?

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (rr) is 0.04, what is the frequency of the dominant allele (R)?

Which condition is NOT required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

In a population of butterflies, the allele for blue wings (B) is dominant to the allele for white wings (b). If 16% of the butterflies have white wings, what percentage of the butterflies are heterozygous (Bb), assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A population of birds has two alleles for beak size: L (large) and s (small). After several generations, the frequency of the L allele has increased. Which of the following scenarios would violate the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and explain this change?

Two isolated populations of squirrels are studied. In population A, a new allele arises due to mutation. In population B, there is no mutation, but a large number of squirrels from a different region migrate into the area. Which population(s) are violating the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions?

In a plant population, the frequency of a homozygous recessive genotype is initially 0.09. If the population meets all Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, what will the frequency of this genotype be after 10 generations?

In a population of sea urchins, what is the primary purpose of deriving an equation that predicts genotype frequencies under conditions of random mating and no evolution?

If a sea urchin population has a gene pool where the frequency of allele 'p' is 0.6 and the frequency of allele 'q' is 0.4, what does the value of $2pq$ represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Consider a sea urchin population where the initial allele frequencies are p = 0.6 and q = 0.4. If the white genotype (rr) has lower survival, how will this affect the allele frequencies in the subsequent generation?

In a sea urchin population, if the observed genotype frequencies deviate significantly from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation, which of the following conclusions is most likely?

What is the expected frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, given that the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.3?

A population of sea urchins is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with two alleles for spine length: L (long) and l (short). If the frequency of the ll genotype is 0.16, what is the frequency of the L allele?

In a sea urchin population, a scientist observes that the frequency of a particular allele changes significantly over a short period. Which evolutionary mechanism is LEAST likely to be the primary cause of this rapid change if the population is large?

If a disease suddenly reduces the sea urchin population size drastically, leading to only a few surviving individuals, which evolutionary mechanism is most likely to significantly impact the gene pool of future generations, even if natural selection isn't occurring?

Genetic Variation

Mutation

Sexual Reproduction

Allele

Evolution

Population Genetics

Genotype Frequency

Quantifying Evolution

Gene Pool Total Alleles

Allele Frequency

Genotype Frequencies

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Evolutionary Forces

Natural Selection

Locus

Genotype

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Law of Dominance

Gene Pool

Diploid Organism

Total Alleles Formula

Punnett Square

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Fertilization

Equations for Genotype Frequencies

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Fertilization Effects

Effects of Natural Selection

Genotype Survival Rate

Genotype Frequency Changes

Calculating Genotype Frequencies

White Genotype Impact

p

q

p²

2pq

q²

Genetic Stability