BIOLOGY Focused on Week 2-3
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of an adaptation that has evolved in living organisms?

  • The size of a river
  • The shape of a bird’s beak (correct)
  • The length of a fish's tail
  • The temperature of the ocean

What type of structure is formed from similar anatomical features inherited from a common ancestor?

  • Convergent Structure
  • Diverging Structure
  • Homologous Structure (correct)
  • Analogous Structure

What is the primary mechanism that introduces new inheritable variation in a population?

  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural Selection
  • Mutations (correct)
  • Gene Flow

Which statement accurately describes genetic drift?

<p>It causes changes in allele frequency due to random chance in small populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed to the distinct species found in Australia?

<p>Geographic isolation for about 50 million years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of biochemical evidence, which two species share a high degree of similarity in DNA sequences?

<p>Humans and chimpanzees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alleles in genetics?

<p>They are variations in a gene affecting a specific trait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mutations?

<p>They provide a survival advantage in every case. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of evolution described in Darwin's theory?

<p>Natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key concept of natural selection?

<p>There is competition for limited resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Darwin, what happens to favorable traits in a population over time?

<p>They become more common through reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

<p>Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key observations Darwin made during his voyage?

<p>Beak size and shape varied among finches on different islands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'descent with modification' imply?

<p>Species evolve over time through inherited changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is a significant difference between Lamarck's and Darwin's theories?

<p>Darwin focused on natural selection rather than acquired traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an organism's variation contribute to evolution?

<p>Some variations enhance survival and reproductive success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of gene flow on genetic variation?

<p>Increases genetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the bottleneck effect?

<p>A significant reduction in population size due to a disaster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does non-random mating affect genetic diversity in a population?

<p>It generally decreases genetic diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines microevolution?

<p>Small-scale changes within a species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cell theory is correct?

<p>Cells are the basic unit of life and all living organisms are made of one or more cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of natural selection in a population?

<p>Survival of individuals with favorable traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes a new species arising from geographical isolation?

<p>Speciation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the founders effect?

<p>A small subgroup establishing a new population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of membrane-enclosed organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a cell regulates the entry and exit of substances?

<p>Plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Modification and distribution of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the surface area and volume ratios of cells change as cell size increases?

<p>Volume increases proportionately more than surface area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the site of protein synthesis within a cell?

<p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ribosomal subunits?

<p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the nucleus?

<p>It stores DNA and contains the nucleolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are structurally complex and possess membrane-bound organelles?

<p>Eukaryotic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Break down unwanted foreign substances and worn-out cell parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily involved in the packaging, storage, and distribution of molecules produced by the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are chloroplasts primarily involved in?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fiber in the cytoskeleton is responsible for maintaining cell shape and enabling movement?

<p>Actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main byproduct produced by peroxisomes during the breakdown of fatty acids?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature do both mitochondria and chloroplasts share?

<p>Double membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the largest in diameter?

<p>Microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in mitochondria?

<p>Hydrolytic enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Evolutionary adaptation

Any evolved trait that increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its environment.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those traits to their offspring.

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

The idea that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by its offspring. This theory was later disproven.

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

The theory that species gradually change over time due to natural selection, resulting in new species evolving from existing ones.

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Variation

Differences in traits among individuals within a population.

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Overproduction

The ability of organisms to produce more offspring than can survive in their environment, leading to competition for resources.

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Survival of the fittest

Organisms with traits that make them better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring.

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Descent with modification

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits on to their offspring, leading to changes in the characteristics of a population over generations.

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Evolution

A change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations.

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Alleles

Variations of a gene, like different versions of a trait.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence.

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Genetic Drift

A change in allele frequencies due to random chance in small populations.

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Homologous Structures

Structures with similar anatomy due to shared ancestry, even if their function differs.

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Analogous Structures

Structures with similar function but different anatomy, not from a common ancestor.

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Biogeography

The study of the distribution of species on Earth.

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Fossils

Preserved remains of ancient organisms, providing evidence of past life.

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Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift where a new population is established by a small group of individuals from a larger population.

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Bottleneck Effect

A type of genetic drift where a large portion of a population is wiped out by a random event, leaving a smaller population with a different allele frequency.

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Gene Flow

The movement of genes between populations.

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Microevolution

The process of evolution on a small scale, involving changes in allele frequencies within a population.

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Macroevolution

The process of evolution on a large scale, resulting in the formation of new species.

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Plasmid

A small, circular DNA molecule found in some prokaryotic cells.

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Ribosome

The site of protein synthesis, consisting of two subunits: a large and a small subunit.

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Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that stores DNA and is the control center of the eukaryotic cell.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranous channels and saccules involved in protein processing, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.

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Golgi Apparatus

A system of flattened sacs and vesicles that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

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Plasma Membrane

The membrane that surrounds all cells, controlling what enters and exits.

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Cytoplasm

All of the material inside a cell, excluding the nucleus.

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Diffusion

The process of molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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What is a vacuole?

Membranous sacs in plant cells that store substances like water, pigments, and toxins.

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What is the function of a peroxisome?

Cytoplasmic organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, which is then broken down to water and oxygen. They are present in both plant and animal cells.

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What are lysosomes, and what is their role in the cell?

The cell's recycling center, containing hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down unwanted substances and worn-out cell parts. Found only in animal cells.

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What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and what is its function?

A network of interconnected membranes responsible for synthesizing lipids, steroids, and proteins, as well as processing and transporting molecules within the cell. It is usually divided into two regions: rough ER and smooth ER.

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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

A series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that process and package molecules synthesized in the ER, transporting them to other destinations within or outside the cell. It is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.

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What is the cytoskeleton, and what is its function?

A network of protein filaments within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that provides structural support, helps maintain cell shape, and facilitates movement of organelles and the cell itself. There are three types: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

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What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

The site of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to generate ATP (energy), which is the cell's primary energy currency.

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What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

The site of photosynthesis in plant cells, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in glucose. They have a double membrane, stroma, grana, and thylakoids.

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Study Notes

Week 2: Study of Life & Evolution of Life

  • Darwin initially believed species remained unchanged.
  • Darwin's voyage observed geological and biological diversity, noting variations in Galapagos finches.
  • Evolution is an evolved trait that benefits an organism's environment.
  • Natural Selection: Individual organisms show variations that are heritable and passed down. Organisms compete for resources.
  • Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.
  • Some individuals have traits that give them a better chance of survival and reproducing (survival of the fittest).
  • Beneficial traits increase in the population; the population adapts to its environment.
  • Darwin was influenced by Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, where the environment drives inherited change.
  • Lamarck used the giraffe example, in which giraffes stretched their necks to reach higher leaves and passed the trait to offspring.

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

  • Darwin's theory predicts that a population of giraffes will have varied neck lengths.
  • Individuals with longer necks can reach more food, increasing their chances of survival and reproduction.

Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossils: Some fossils are transitional links between groups, demonstrating the characteristics of an ancestor and descendant.
  • Biogeography: Continents and oceans have shifted, leading to unique species in geographically isolated areas, like Australia, that have been isolated for 50 million years.
  • Anatomy: Similar characteristics in different species may indicate a shared ancestor (homologous structures). Structures with similar functions but different origins are analogous.
  • Biochemistry: High DNA similarity suggests a close evolutionary relationship between species like humans and chimpanzees.

Processes of Evolution

  • Evolution is the heritable change in traits in populations, through many generations.
  • Mutations: Changes in DNA are the source of new inheritable variations. They are random events that may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to an organism's survival.
  • Gene Flow: Movement of alleles (forms of a gene) between populations, increasing variations. Migration of individuals or gametes (sex cells) to a new population leads to more genetic diversity.
  • Natural Selection: Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing down those traits to future generations. This leads to adaptations to the environment.
  • Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies in small populations can significantly alter the genetic makeup, impacting genetic diversity within a population due to chance events.

Natural Selection (continued)

  • Survival of the fittest leads to adaptations to the environment.
  • Populations with favorable adaptations are passed down to future generations.

Nonrandom Mating

  • Nonrandom mating occurs when individuals select mates based on specific traits. This can decrease diversity within a population.
  • Artificial selection is human-controlled breeding to increase frequency of desired traits, impacting traits in populations.

Microevolution

  • Variation within a species, such as different dog breeds, is an example of microevolution. Microevolution is change within a species over time.
  • Artificial selection driving changes over generations.

Macroevolution

  • The large-scale evolutionary process of species formation from one species into two species.

Week 3 - Cell Structure and Function

  • Cells are basic units of life, forming the structural and functional unit of any organism.
  • Cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA).
  • Cell theory: Cells are the basic units of all living organisms, all organisms are made of cells, and cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed structures, while eukaryotic cells have them.
  • The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and is composed of polar (hydrophilic) heads and nonpolar (hydrophobic tails).

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

  • Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio, allowing easier exchange of materials with their surroundings.
  • As cells increase in size, surface area becomes less relative to volume, so materials must be more efficiently transported.

Eukaryotes

  • Eukaryotes, includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
  • They have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and are complex compared to prokaryotes.

Cell Organelles (Examples)

  • Nucleus: Stores DNA.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum: Involved in protein synthesis and lipid production.
  • Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, producing energy.

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Description

Dive into the core concepts of evolution and natural selection in this quiz. Explore Darwin's observations, the impact of variations and traits in survival, and the influences of Lamarck's theory. Test your understanding of how species adapt to their environments over time.

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