Evolution and Genetics Overview
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Questions and Answers

What mechanism do built-in controls rely on according to the content?

  • Deterrents such as personal shame and fear (correct)
  • Community service and rehabilitation programs
  • Strict laws and regulations
  • Physical punishments and imprisonment
  • How does modern technology serve as a form of social control?

  • By creating fear through surveillance methods (correct)
  • By eliminating the need for traditional laws
  • By offering rewards for good behavior
  • By fostering stronger community relationships
  • What is the primary purpose of a family as outlined in the content?

  • To enforce laws and regulations in the community
  • To create a social hierarchy within society
  • To share responsibility for reproduction and emotional ties (correct)
  • To provide financial support to its members
  • What defines family classification according to the content?

    <p>Lineage and kinship patterns related to inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence mentioned for not adhering to social norms in the content?

    <p>Risking eternal damnation as stated by the friars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is role conflict?

    <p>When the expectations of different social roles interfere with each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are role expectations?

    <p>Behaviors and actions that are anticipated from individuals in specific roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies role exit?

    <p>A priest choosing to leave the priesthood to marry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might someone struggle to complete assignments on time?

    <p>They are balancing multiple roles, leading to feelings of inadequacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an out-group?

    <p>A group where individuals feel they do not belong. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the action stage in role exit refer to?

    <p>Leaving a job or ending a relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reciprocal roles?

    <p>They have rigid expectations that cannot change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do in-group members typically view out-group members?

    <p>As 'them' in contrast to 'us' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to occupy a status?

    <p>To fulfill a specific role with associated expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a reference group?

    <p>A group used for self-evaluation and guidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is generally difficult to exit from?

    <p>Family roles such as parent or child. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a primary group?

    <p>Intimate and face-to-face interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a secondary group?

    <p>Informal interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of an in-group?

    <p>Strong feelings of belonging and cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these groups is considered a secondary group?

    <p>Your coworkers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the creation of a new identity during role exit?

    <p>Encountering a departure stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of social controls in society?

    <p>To regulate behavior and prevent deviant actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sanctions are considered formal?

    <p>Fines imposed by the government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Informal social controls are typically enforced by which of the following?

    <p>Peer groups and family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of informal social control?

    <p>Public shaming by peers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did religion play in social control during the 1600s?

    <p>To control the population’s behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of formal sanctions?

    <p>They are created and enforced by state agencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about social control is false?

    <p>Only formal controls are effective in regulating behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The agents of social control include which of the following?

    <p>Family members and teachers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Structural-Functionalism as proposed by Emile Durkheim?

    <p>Deviance serves to define appropriate behavior in society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anomie' refer to in the context of deviance?

    <p>A condition of social disorganization and loss of direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Strain Theory, what leads to deviance?

    <p>The inability to achieve socially approved goals through accepted means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the context of time influence perceptions of deviance?

    <p>Societal expectations and trends change over time, affecting what is considered deviant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What illustrates the importance of place in defining deviance?

    <p>Different locations can have varying standards for appropriate behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes conformity according to Strain Theory?

    <p>Accepting societal goals and using legitimate means to achieve them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of deviance, what is the impact of individual and cultural perceptions?

    <p>Individual and cultural perceptions equally influence the definition of deviance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates a context-dependent view of deviance?

    <p>Attending a formal wedding in jeans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'compadrazgo' refer to in the context of kinship?

    <p>Mutual kinship through godparenthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'suki relationships'?

    <p>Social partnerships based on regular transactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle emphasizes respect for elders as authority figures?

    <p>Hiya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a socially sanctioned union between men and women?

    <p>Marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social relations, what does 'pakikipagkapwa' signify?

    <p>Acknowledging others as part of one’s community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'utang na loob' refer to in Filipino culture?

    <p>A bond of obligation between individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about kinship in the Philippines is accurate?

    <p>It prioritizes social relationships over family ties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the nature of friendship in Filipino culture?

    <p>It helps to extend social alliances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Role Expectations

    Behaviors and actions expected of someone holding a particular social position.

    Role Conflict

    When the expectations of different social roles clash.

    Role Exit

    Leaving a social role that was once central to your life.

    Role

    Set of behaviours, obligations, and privileges associated with a social position.

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    Reciprocal Role

    A role that needs a partner, cannot be done alone.

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    Out-group

    A group someone doesn't feel a sense of belonging to.

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    Social Status

    A set of expectations for those occupying particular social positions.

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    Completing Assignments

    Meeting academic expectations on time, despite multiple responsibilities.

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    Social Control

    The methods used by a society to regulate its members' behavior and enforce conformity to social norms.

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    Built-in Controls

    Internalized social controls that rely on personal beliefs and moral values to guide behavior.

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    External Controls

    Social controls imposed by external forces, like laws, punishments, and social sanctions.

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    Family

    A group of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption, sharing primary responsibility for reproduction and raising children.

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    Lineage

    The pattern of kinship within a family, focusing on relationships, property, and inheritance.

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    Formal Sanctions

    Punishments or rewards imposed by official organizations or the government, such as laws, fines, imprisonment, or awards.

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    Informal Sanctions

    Punishments or rewards given by individuals or groups, like disapproval, gossip, praise, or social exclusion.

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    Agents of Social Control

    Individuals or groups responsible for enforcing social norms and sanctions.

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    What were societies like before formal social control?

    Prior to the development of organized government, societies relied heavily on informal social control mechanisms such as tradition, custom, and religious authority to maintain order.

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    How does religion act as a social control?

    Religion provides moral guidelines and sanctions for behavior, often with strong social and spiritual consequences for rule-breaking.

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    Why is social control necessary?

    Social control is essential for maintaining order, stability, and predictability in any society. It prevents chaos and promotes a shared sense of values and behavior.

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    What are some examples of informal sanctions?

    Informal sanctions can be anything from a disapproving look to a public shaming. Examples include gossip, rumors, social isolation, or even a playful teasing.

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    Reference Group

    A group individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own behavior and attitudes.

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    Primary Group

    Small group with close, personal relationships, face-to-face.

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    Secondary Group

    Larger group characterized by more formal and specialized relationships.

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    Social Group

    A collection of people who interact, share interests, values, or goals.

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    Formal Organization

    Group designed for a specific purpose.

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    Deviance

    An act that violates a norm or widely shared values, often depending on time, place, and culture.

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    Social Norms

    Expected behaviors and standards in a society. They define what is considered appropriate and acceptable.

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    Anomie

    A state of social disorganization where there is a breakdown of societal norms and values, leading to a sense of confusion and lack of direction.

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    Strain Theory

    A theory that suggests deviance occurs when people are unable to achieve culturally valued goals through legitimate means.

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    Conformity

    Following the socially approved goals and using legitimate means to achieve them.

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    Structural-Functionalism

    A perspective that views society as a complex system with interconnected parts, each contributing to its overall stability.

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    Context Matters

    Deviance is not absolute, but depends on the social context, time, and place where it occurs.

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    Compadrazgo

    A system of mutual kinship based on godparenthood or sponsorship, introduced with Christianity in the Philippines.

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    Suki Relationships

    Market-exchange partnerships where two people agree to be regular customers and suppliers, creating a bond beyond just transactions.

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    Patron-Client Bonds

    A structured relationship where a patron provides support (resources, favors) to a client, who in return offers loyalty and service.

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    Pakikipagkapwa

    A core value in Filipino culture, emphasizing the importance of being considered 'one of us' for social acceptance.

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    Utang na Loob

    Dyadic bond based on reciprocal obligations between two individuals, creating a sense of deep gratitude and responsibility.

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    Hiya

    A core Filipino value, representing a feeling of shame or embarrassment related to acting in a way that goes against social expectations.

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    What's the basis of kinship in the Philippines?

    Social relations with each other, emphasizing community over blood ties.

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    Why is respecting elders important in Filipino culture?

    Elders are recognized as authority figures, representing wisdom and experience.

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    Study Notes

    Evolution

    • Evolution is a natural process of biological change across generations.
    • Darwinism proposes evolution through natural selection, where organisms develop through inherited variations that aid survival and reproduction.
    • The Madrid International Exhibition of 1887 displayed Igorots, who were treated as "missing links" to support Darwinism. José Rizal, a Filipino, was outraged by this dehumanizing representation.
    • The display reinforced racial stereotypes.

    Genetics and Evolution

    • Genetic information is encoded in DNA and guides organism development, influencing new species.
    • Genetic mutations change gene DNA sequences, sometimes creating new traits.
    • Incest can lead to weakened offspring (example from "Santa Nina").

    Homeobox Genes

    • These genes control body plan formation during development.

    Natural Selection

    • Environmental factors influence biological characteristics (body changes or alterations).

    Creationism

    • Belief that a divine being created the universe.
    • It explains phenomena that science can't currently answer.

    History vs. Kasaysayan

    • History is a eurocentric term focused on written records and interpretation of the past.
    • Kasaysayan is a Filipino term, focusing on any meaningful narrative about societal change.

    Study of Prehistory

    • Artifacts and fossils help archaeologists learn about ancient cultures and life.
    • Artifacts are human-made objects. Fossils are remains/traces of ancient organisms.
    • To differentiate fossils from artifacts, look for alterations in fossils.

    Early Humans

    • Mesolithic period transition from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the Neolithic (New Stone Age).
    • Early hominids were found in Africa, Asia and Europe in the Miocene epoch.
    • Hominids include humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
    • Australopithecines were early bipedal hominids.

    Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus

    • Early members of the genus Homo, skilled in toolmaking.
    • Homo erectus had advanced tools.
    • Neanderthals were an extinct species with beliefs about life after death.
    • Cro-Magnon humans are known for cave paintings.

    Social Interactions

    • Social interaction is essential regardless of whether someone feels alone.
    • Social interaction can be formal (institutions, meetings) or informal.
    • People use symbols and gestures in communication.
    • Symbolic interactionism describes how people communicate using shared meanings.

    Social Structure

    • The framework of relationships in society.
    • Elements include statuses, roles, groups, and networks.

    Social Status

    • Socially defined positions in society.
    • Ascribed statuses are assigned; achieved statuses are earned.

    Social Roles

    • A set of expectations associated with a social status.
    • Role strain conflicts when someone struggles with one role's demands and Role conflict conflicts between demands of different roles.

    Role Conflict and Role Strain

    • Conflicts when multiple roles have incompatible requirements.
    • Strain arises from difficulties fulfilling demands of a single role.

    Cooperation, Conflict, Competition, and Coercion

    • Cooperation is collaborative effort for a common goal.
    • Conflict is a struggle between individuals/groups over goals.
    • Competition is individuals vying for a common goal.
    • Coercion is forcing a particular behaviour on people.

    Social Networks

    • Series of relationships linking people directly or indirectly.
    • Relationships may involve personal and professional relationships.

    Social Institutions

    • Interrelated systems of norms and social roles.
    • Examples include family, political system, economic system, education and religion.

    Bureaucracy

    • Organizational component using rules, hierarchies, and standardized procedures.
    • Key characteristics include division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules/regulations, impersonality, and employment based on qualifications.

    Family

    • A group of people related by blood, marriage, or social agreement.
    • Functions include reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of behaviour, and provision of emotional support.
    • Structures include nuclear, extended, and transnational families.

    Marriage

    • A socially approved union between two people.
    • The forms of marriage include monogamous and polygamous.
    • Polygamy involves one person with multiple spouses.
    • Homogamy is the tendency for partners to have similar characteristics.

    Deviance

    • Actions seen as violating socially accepted norms, and the societal response to this.
    • Theories include structural-functionalism, strain theory, and symbolic interactionism.
    • Deviance is learned through interaction, and can also depend on time, place, situation and culture.

    Social Control

    • Methods of regulating people's behaviour.
    • Forms may be formal (legal sanctions) and informal (social pressure).
    • Religion and technology are also forms of social control.

    Kinship

    • Relationships between individuals.
    • Kinship can be defined by blood, marriage, or shared rituals.

    Adoption, Dual-Income Families, and Single-Parent Families

    • Adoption is legally transferring parenthood.
    • Dual-income families have both parents working.
    • Single-parent families are headed by one parent.

    Same Sex Marriage

    • Legal union of people of the same sex in some places.

    Family Classification

    • Categorization of families, based on lineage, authority and residence patterns.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of evolution, genetics, and natural selection in this quiz. Learn about Darwinism, the role of genetic mutations, and the significance of homeobox genes in organism development. Delve into the implications of these scientific ideas including the contrast with creationism.

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