Evolution and Genetics Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What mechanism do built-in controls rely on according to the content?

Deterrents such as personal shame and fear (correct)

Community service and rehabilitation programs

Strict laws and regulations

Physical punishments and imprisonment

How does modern technology serve as a form of social control?

By creating fear through surveillance methods (correct)

By eliminating the need for traditional laws

By offering rewards for good behavior

By fostering stronger community relationships

What is the primary purpose of a family as outlined in the content?

To enforce laws and regulations in the community

To create a social hierarchy within society

To share responsibility for reproduction and emotional ties (correct)

To provide financial support to its members

What defines family classification according to the content?

Lineage and kinship patterns related to inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence mentioned for not adhering to social norms in the content?

Risking eternal damnation as stated by the friars Signup and view all the answers

What is role conflict?

When the expectations of different social roles interfere with each other. Signup and view all the answers

What are role expectations?

Behaviors and actions that are anticipated from individuals in specific roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies role exit?

A priest choosing to leave the priesthood to marry. Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone struggle to complete assignments on time?

They are balancing multiple roles, leading to feelings of inadequacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an out-group?

A group where individuals feel they do not belong. Signup and view all the answers

What does the action stage in role exit refer to?

Leaving a job or ending a relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reciprocal roles?

They have rigid expectations that cannot change. Signup and view all the answers

How do in-group members typically view out-group members?

As 'them' in contrast to 'us' Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to occupy a status?

To fulfill a specific role with associated expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a reference group?

A group used for self-evaluation and guidance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is generally difficult to exit from?

Family roles such as parent or child. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a primary group?

Intimate and face-to-face interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a secondary group?

Informal interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of an in-group?

Strong feelings of belonging and cohesion Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups is considered a secondary group?

Your coworkers Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the creation of a new identity during role exit?

Encountering a departure stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of social controls in society?

To regulate behavior and prevent deviant actions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sanctions are considered formal?

Fines imposed by the government Signup and view all the answers

Informal social controls are typically enforced by which of the following?

Peer groups and family Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of informal social control?

Public shaming by peers Signup and view all the answers

What role did religion play in social control during the 1600s?

To control the population’s behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of formal sanctions?

They are created and enforced by state agencies Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about social control is false?

Only formal controls are effective in regulating behavior. Signup and view all the answers

The agents of social control include which of the following?

Family members and teachers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Structural-Functionalism as proposed by Emile Durkheim?

Deviance serves to define appropriate behavior in society. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anomie' refer to in the context of deviance?

A condition of social disorganization and loss of direction. Signup and view all the answers

According to Strain Theory, what leads to deviance?

The inability to achieve socially approved goals through accepted means. Signup and view all the answers

How does the context of time influence perceptions of deviance?

Societal expectations and trends change over time, affecting what is considered deviant. Signup and view all the answers

What illustrates the importance of place in defining deviance?

Different locations can have varying standards for appropriate behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conformity according to Strain Theory?

Accepting societal goals and using legitimate means to achieve them. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of deviance, what is the impact of individual and cultural perceptions?

Individual and cultural perceptions equally influence the definition of deviance. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates a context-dependent view of deviance?

Attending a formal wedding in jeans. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'compadrazgo' refer to in the context of kinship?

Mutual kinship through godparenthood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'suki relationships'?

Social partnerships based on regular transactions Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes respect for elders as authority figures?

Hiya Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a socially sanctioned union between men and women?

Marriage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social relations, what does 'pakikipagkapwa' signify?

Acknowledging others as part of one’s community Signup and view all the answers

What does 'utang na loob' refer to in Filipino culture?

A bond of obligation between individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about kinship in the Philippines is accurate?

It prioritizes social relationships over family ties. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the nature of friendship in Filipino culture?

It helps to extend social alliances. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evolution

Evolution is a natural process of biological change across generations.
Darwinism proposes evolution through natural selection, where organisms develop through inherited variations that aid survival and reproduction.
The Madrid International Exhibition of 1887 displayed Igorots, who were treated as "missing links" to support Darwinism. José Rizal, a Filipino, was outraged by this dehumanizing representation.
The display reinforced racial stereotypes.

Genetics and Evolution

Genetic information is encoded in DNA and guides organism development, influencing new species.
Genetic mutations change gene DNA sequences, sometimes creating new traits.
Incest can lead to weakened offspring (example from "Santa Nina").

Homeobox Genes

These genes control body plan formation during development.

Natural Selection

Environmental factors influence biological characteristics (body changes or alterations).

Creationism

Belief that a divine being created the universe.
It explains phenomena that science can't currently answer.

History vs. Kasaysayan

History is a eurocentric term focused on written records and interpretation of the past.
Kasaysayan is a Filipino term, focusing on any meaningful narrative about societal change.

Study of Prehistory

Artifacts and fossils help archaeologists learn about ancient cultures and life.
Artifacts are human-made objects. Fossils are remains/traces of ancient organisms.
To differentiate fossils from artifacts, look for alterations in fossils.

Early Humans

Mesolithic period transition from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the Neolithic (New Stone Age).
Early hominids were found in Africa, Asia and Europe in the Miocene epoch.
Hominids include humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
Australopithecines were early bipedal hominids.

Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus

Early members of the genus Homo, skilled in toolmaking.
Homo erectus had advanced tools.
Neanderthals were an extinct species with beliefs about life after death.
Cro-Magnon humans are known for cave paintings.

Social interaction is essential regardless of whether someone feels alone.
Social interaction can be formal (institutions, meetings) or informal.
People use symbols and gestures in communication.
Symbolic interactionism describes how people communicate using shared meanings.

The framework of relationships in society.
Elements include statuses, roles, groups, and networks.

Socially defined positions in society.
Ascribed statuses are assigned; achieved statuses are earned.

A set of expectations associated with a social status.
Role strain conflicts when someone struggles with one role's demands and Role conflict conflicts between demands of different roles.

Role Conflict and Role Strain

Conflicts when multiple roles have incompatible requirements.
Strain arises from difficulties fulfilling demands of a single role.

Cooperation, Conflict, Competition, and Coercion

Cooperation is collaborative effort for a common goal.
Conflict is a struggle between individuals/groups over goals.
Competition is individuals vying for a common goal.
Coercion is forcing a particular behaviour on people.

Series of relationships linking people directly or indirectly.
Relationships may involve personal and professional relationships.

Interrelated systems of norms and social roles.
Examples include family, political system, economic system, education and religion.

Bureaucracy

Organizational component using rules, hierarchies, and standardized procedures.
Key characteristics include division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules/regulations, impersonality, and employment based on qualifications.

Family

A group of people related by blood, marriage, or social agreement.
Functions include reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of behaviour, and provision of emotional support.
Structures include nuclear, extended, and transnational families.

Marriage

A socially approved union between two people.
The forms of marriage include monogamous and polygamous.
Polygamy involves one person with multiple spouses.
Homogamy is the tendency for partners to have similar characteristics.

Deviance

Actions seen as violating socially accepted norms, and the societal response to this.
Theories include structural-functionalism, strain theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Deviance is learned through interaction, and can also depend on time, place, situation and culture.

Methods of regulating people's behaviour.
Forms may be formal (legal sanctions) and informal (social pressure).
Religion and technology are also forms of social control.

Kinship

Relationships between individuals.
Kinship can be defined by blood, marriage, or shared rituals.

Adoption, Dual-Income Families, and Single-Parent Families

Adoption is legally transferring parenthood.
Dual-income families have both parents working.
Single-parent families are headed by one parent.

Same Sex Marriage

Legal union of people of the same sex in some places.

Family Classification

Categorization of families, based on lineage, authority and residence patterns.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of evolution, genetics, and natural selection in this quiz. Learn about Darwinism, the role of genetic mutations, and the significance of homeobox genes in organism development. Delve into the implications of these scientific ideas including the contrast with creationism.