Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 2nd Quarter PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER result, the couple is shunned by EVOLUTION society. ➔ Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across HOMEOBOX GENES successive generations ➔ These are genes that control the body plan of an organism during development, affecting how different parts of the body DARWINISM form and grow. ➔ The theory of evolution by natural selection NATURAL SELECTION ◆ organisms develop through the ➔ Environmentally adapted biological natural selection of inherited features variations that help them survive, ➔ According to Charles Darwin, the changes reproduce, and compete in our bodies or the change in the qualities of animals are the effect of their MADRID INTL. EXHIBITION OF 1887 environment or activities ➔ An exhibition which displayed Igorots from the Philippines, treated as "missing CREATIONISM links" to support Darwinist ideas. ➔ the religious belief that a divine being ➔ José Rizal, studying in Europe at the time, created the universe, Earth, life, and was outraged by the dehumanizing humans through supernatural acts display of real people as scientific ➔ The reason why we still believe in this is curiosities. because there are things that cannot be ➔ The Igorots were exhibited in minimal answered by science, so we answer those clothing, reinforcing racial stereotypes. questions through our faith GENETICS AND EVOLUTION HISTORY VS KASAYSAYAN GENETIC INFORMATION ➔ History - a eurocentric term; it is the study ➔ Refers to the information encoded in DNA and interpretation of the past through that guides the development of an records organism, influencing the formation of ◆ Unless a written document can new body plans (e.g., new species). prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a GENETIC MUTATION historical fact. ➔ a change to a gene's DNA sequence to produce something different ➔ Kasaysayan - history in the context of the ➔ The reason why laws were put into place in Philippines; Lahat ng may saysay na order to avoid incest isinalaysay na nakapagpabago sa ◆ The movie "Santa Nina" => story of lipunan ay kasaysayan. cousins from Pampanga who have ◆ When the Europeans arrived, they a child together. Due to the labeled Filipinos as barbaric for not incestuous relationship, the child is using books or paper, even though born with a weakened health. As a Filipinos at the time had their own UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 1  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER methods of writing on paper or HOMO HABILIS tree bark ➔ One of the earliest members of the genus Homo, with a larger brain and tool-making STUDY OF PREHISTORY abilities. ARTIFACTS ➔ Human-made objects from the past, used HOMO ERECTUS by archaeologists to study ancient ➔ An early human species with a larger brain cultures. and more advanced tools. FOSSILS ➔ Remains or traces of ancient organisms, NEANDERTHALS such as bones or footprints, used to study ➔ An extinct human species that had beliefs prehistoric life. about life after death. HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE FOSSILS FROM ARTIFACTS: CRO-MAGNON ➔ Pag may alteration ang fossil, then it ➔ early humans that are known for creating becomes an artifact. cave paintings ➔ Ex. Raw bone -> fossil. Bone na ginawang earrings -> artifact SOCIAL INTERACTIONS ➔ No man is an island EVOLUTION OF EARLY HUMANS ◆ Symbols and gestures are supplementary ways on how we socially interact with each other MESOLITHIC (middle stone age) ◆ No response is a response ➔ A transitional period between the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) and Neolithic SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM (New Stone Age) periods, marked by ➔ assigning symbols to symbols and changes in human lifestyle and gestures technology SOCIAL INTERACTION MIOCENE ➔ Refers to the daily activity of people ➔ A geological epoch during which earl;y ➔ there will always be social interaction hominid fossils were found in Asia, Africa, regardless of how lonely or alone you are and Europe. ➔ 2 types of social interaction ◆ Formal pattern HOMINIDS Happens within institutions ➔ A family of primates that includes humans, and bureaucracies chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans Ex. setting appointments TYPES OF HOMINIDS before consultations, registering for a conference, AUSTRALOPITHECINES etc. ➔ Early bipedal hominids with small brains. ◆ Informal pattern UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 2  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER Happens outside ➔ Sad reality in terms of our traditions, yung institutions and konsepto ng "utang na loob" bureaucracies ◆ Helping a friend do her project expecting that in the future she will TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: help you in your requirements ➔ Utang na loob -> pros: we help each other and are motivated to do better for each COOPERATION other | cons: nababaon tayo sa konsepto, ➔ Collaborative efforts to achieve a common nagagamit yung konsepto to control goal people ➔ Ex. Group peta, team sports CONFORMITY CONFLICT ➔ Behavior that matches group expectations ➔ Direct struggle between individuals or ➔ When we conform, we adapt our behavior groups over commonly valued goals due to fit the behavior of those around us to differences or disagreements ➔ Ex. Conforming to the laws of a foreign ➔ Because we are part of different sectors, country/place whenever you travel governments, we have different experiences SOCIAL STRUCTURE ➔ Because we have different individual backgrounds and experiences, hindi ➔ The framework that shapes how people maiiwasan ang mga disagreements interact and behave in a society ➔ Ex. Sa peta, nagkakaroon ng conflict dahil ➔ The relationships or interactions between hindi kayo nakakapag interact with each groups of different people in a society other effectively ➔ Elements of social structure: ◆ Status COMPETITION ◆ Roles ➔ Individuals in opposing interactions ◆ Groups toward attaining a similar goal ◆ Networks ➔ Ex. Olympics, quiz bee, beauty pageant ◆ Social institutions COERCION SOCIAL STATUS ➔ Individual or groups are forced to behave ➔ Refers to any of the socially defined in a particular way positions within a society ➔ It can prove to be an effective social ➔ Guides the social interaction that occurs control within any given setting ➔ Compelling people to comply with laws ➔ Types of social status: out of instilling penalty ◆ Ascribed status - assigned outside ➔ Sumusunod ka kasi takot kang of your control (ex. gender, age, maparusahan family ranking) EXCHANGE ◆ Achieved status - achieved by an ➔ A voluntary action performed in the individual through his or her own expectation of getting a reward in return efforts (occupation or work) UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 3  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER ◆ Master status - status that another, making it difficult to fulfill them dominates others and determine all effectively the person's general position; ➔ An individual finds themselves pulled in tumataas ang rank -> from doctor various directions while trying to respond na walang specialization to a to the statuses he or she holds at the same doctor na may specialization time ➔ Difficulty in time management ➔ Being a student and an officer at the same time -- may role conflict (will you study for the exam tomorrow or fulfill your responsibilities as an officer?) ROLE STRAIN ➔ Occurs when an individual experiences difficulty in fulfilling the demands of a single role ➔ Andami mo kasing kinuha na responsibilities, so hindi mo na nagagampanan ang role mo SOCIAL ROLES ➔ Ex. A student may find it difficult to ➔ Set of expectations for people who occupy complete assignments on time or meet a given status (behavior, obligations, academic expectations because they are privileges) balancing too many responsibilities at ➔ You occupy a status, you play a role once, leading to feelings of inadequacy or ➔ Reciprocal role frustration. ◆ Role that can't be fulfilled alone; should have a partner ◆ Ex. A man can't perform the role of a husband without having a wife ROLE EXPECTATIONS ➔ Behaviors and actions are expected. (Ex. Even on vacation, you are expected to acknowledge your role as a doctor if a situation calls for it.) ➔ Doctors treat their patients, parents provide for their children, police uphold the law ROLE EXIT ➔ Disengage from a social role that has been central to their lives ➔ Ex. A priest who decides to get out of ROLE CONFLICT priesthood and because he wants to get ➔ Arises when the expectations associated married with social roles interfere with one UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 4  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER ➔ Ex. In the Political aspect -> Divorce is a role exit from marriage/pagiging asawa OUT-GROUP ➔ There are some roles that are hard to exit ➔ A group in which people feel they do not from belong ◆ Ex. Anak, father, mother, etc. ➔ People in the in-group may view ➔ Concepts related to role exit: out-group members as "them", as ◆ Doubt -> reason for the role exit opposed to “us” ◆ Search for alternatives -> leave of ➔ Ex. People who are not part of a particular absence, temporary separation political party, social club, or ethnic group ◆ Action stage/departure stage -> may be viewed as part of the out-group leaving a job, ending a marriage ◆ Creation of new identity -> Charice REFERENCE GROUP Pempengco becoming Jake Zyrus ➔ Groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own SOCIAL GROUPS behavior, even if they are not directly part of the group ➔ Collections of individuals who interact with ➔ These groups strongly influence an one another, share common interests, individual's behavior or attitudes values, norms, or goals, and have a sense ➔ Ex. Favorite NBA team -> a teenage boy of belonging or unity looks up to the NBA team as a reference group for how to act or behave PRIMARY GROUP ➔ Small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation ➔ Ex. Family, close friends, peers SECONDARY GROUP ➔ A larger, less intimate and more specialized group ➔ Often task-oriented and involve more formal, less personal relationships. ➔ Members treat others as means to achieve his/her objectives ➔ There is a professional relationship ➔ Ex. Your coworkers, groupmates, etc. IN-GROUP ➔ A group to which people feel they belong and often foster strong loyalty, cohesion, and shared identity ➔ It comprises everyone who is regarded as FORMAL ORGANIZATION "we" or "us" ➔ A group designed for a specific purpose ➔ Ex. A sports team or club and structured to maximize efficiency. This UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 5  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER can include corporations, educational SOCIAL NETWORKS institutions, and governmental ➔ A series of social relationships that link a organizations. person directly to others, and indirectly ➔ Ex. Student organizations, professional links him or her to more people associations, and etc. ➔ Age of internet - facebook, twitter, ➔ o Division of Labor: The way tasks are instagram divided within an organization to increase efficiency. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ➔ An interrelated system of social norms and BUREAUCRACY social roles that are organized and provide ➔ A component of formal organization that patterns of behaviors that contribute to uses strict rules, hierarchies, and meeting the basic social needs of society standardized procedures to achieve ➔ Helps the society function efficiency and manage large-scale ➔ An individual or organization can be part operations of many different social institutions. ➔ Ex. Family, religious (church), government, CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY education (school), economic, health, (According to Max Weber) mass media 1. Division of labor - the way tasks are FAMILY divided within an organization to increase ➔ The institution that provides care and efficiency socialization, nurturing individuals from 2. Hierarchy of authority - authority flows birth onward from top to bottom (Ex. CEO on top, followed by managers, etc.) POLITICAL SYSTEM ➔ The system that organizes political power 3. Written rules and regulations - policies and decision-making (Ex. governments, and expectations for behavior; meant to policies, taxpaying) standardize actions, ensure consistency, and reduce the influence of personal ECONOMIC SYSTEM preferences or biases ➔ The structure that organizes production, distribution, and consumption of goods 4. Impersonality - objective rules and formal and services (ex. Gcash, Bank Accounts) procedures, rather than personal relationships or emotions NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS ➔ Organizations or systems outside of 5. Employment based on technical government control, like qualification - people are hired and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) promoted based on their skills, expertise, and qualifications; ensures that the most EDUCATION competent and qualified individuals are ➔ The institution responsible for imparting selected for positions knowledge, skills, and social values. RELIGION UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 6  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER ➔ A system of beliefs and practices related to context and culture on how we the divine, spirituality, and moral codes. greet people so as to not offend. The study of deviance has two concerns: HEALTH 1. Why people violate laws or norms ➔ Institutions related to the physical 2. How society reacts to this violation well-being of individuals, including THEORIES OF DEVIANCE hospitals and healthcare systems STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM ➔ By Emile Durkheim DEVIANCE ➔ Deviance helps to define the limits of ➔ Act that violates a norm proper behavior ➔ Action that is perceived as violating widely ➔ “Anomie” shared values or norms ◆ Describes the loss of direction felt ➔ Depends on time, place, situation, and in a society when social control of culture individual behavior has become ➔ Can be understood within its social ineffective context (maaaring iba-iba siya depende kung nasaan ka, kung ano ang konteksto STRAIN THEORY mo, at kung paano ito tinatanggap sa ➔ By Robert Merton lipunan) ➔ Deviance results when socially approved ◆ Ex. Portrait of a nude lady or a lady goals cannot be reached by socially in a two-piece swimsuit approved means ◆ Ex. Wearing jeans to a formal ➔ Types of deviance that emerge from this wedding theory are: ◆ Conformity DEVIANCE DEPENDS ON.. Accepting socially approved ➔ Time goals and the use of ◆ Fashion and grooming change legitimate means to achieve ➔ Place that goal ◆ Where behavior or action occurs If you conform in a society, determines whether it is then you have to follow the appropriate or deviant things you need to follow in ◆ Ex. women driving is common in a legitimate manner the Philippines but banned in ◆ Innovation Saudi Arabia Accepting the goal of ➔ Situation success but rejected the use ◆ Ex. laughing in class during a of socially accepted means lecture Ex. cheating (negative ➔ Culture innovation) -> nag iinnovate ◆ Ex. men greeting each other ka on how you will find US: hand shake answers for the exam Japan: Bow Ex. corruption, drugs Europe: Kiss on cheek ◆ Ritualism ◆ Even though may globalised world na, we still have to know the UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 7  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER People no longer set high ➔ Deviance is learned through interaction success goals with others People reject the ➔ Product of face to face interactions importance of success once ➔ Largely influenced by interpersonal they realise that they will relationships between members of society never achieve it ➔ “Differential association” Work becomes simply a way ◆ Deviance is a learned behavior or life rather than a means ◆ People learn it from different to the goal of success groups in which they are ◆ Retreatism associated Withdrawal from society ➔ “Social disorganization” Rejecting goals and ◆ Crime is most likely to occur in procedure communities with weak social ties Ex. drug addicts -> “ay wala ◆ A person is not born a criminal, but akong trabaho, matutulog becomes one overtime, based on nalang ako para makatulog his or her social environment since wala naman na akong ➔ “Labeling” trabaho” = retreating from ◆ Society tends to react to a society rule-breaking act by labeling it as ◆ Rebellion deviant People reject and attempt ◆ “I become a criminal because you to change the goals and the classify my acts as crime” means approved by society ◆ Ex. Once a person is labeled a thief Hindi mo na sinusunod or drunkard, he/she may stick with yung mga batas ng that label for life, and may be institution, and as a result, rejected or isolated you harm people around you. CONFLICT Rebels try to overthrow the ➔ Class conflict within a society creates existing system and deviance establish a new system ➔ It affects deviance in two ways: (different goals and mean ◆ Class interests determine which Rejects goals of what, for acts are criminalised and how them, are unfair social heavily they are punished orders ◆ Economic pressures lead to Gusto nilang baguhin kung offences, particularly property ano yung meron, kung ano offences, among the poor yung sitwasyon currently dahil may nakikita silang mali dun kaya sila nagrerebelde at gustong TYPES OF DEVIANCE baguhin ang sistema. PRIMARY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 8  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER ➔ Deviance involving occasional breaking of ➔ Malalim ang built-in controls ng mga norms that are not a part of a person’s Pilipino because on how they perceive lifestyle or self-concept supernatural retaliation ➔ Ex. honor roll student comes home past ◆ Ex. Pre-Spanish Philippines: sino the curfew one night yung unang umahon sa tubig ang may sala SECONDARY ➔ Deviance in which an individual’s life and SANCTIONS identity are organised around breaking ➔ Economic or political measures that aim society’s norms to influence the behavior of a state, a ➔ Ex. The “robbers” in Ocean’s 11 had a group or individuals criminal history because they had broken ➔ 2 types of sanctions: the law on multiple occasions ◆ Formal Sanctions from the SOCIAL CONTROLS government or state ➔ Regulates people’s behavior and actions -> Penal laws, fines, death sanctions penalty ➔ Techniques and strategies for preventing ◆ Informal deviant human behavior in any society Unfavorable and favorable ➔ Without it, chaos and confusion would public opinion, giving or reign withdrawing of affection, ➔ 2 types of social control: love or friendship; verbal ◆ Formal admiration or criticism, Produced and enforced by reprimands or verbal the state (government) and commendations representatives of the state Walang basehan na written that enforce its laws like documents; maaaring police, military and other certain groups or individuals city, state, and federal lang ang nagbibigay sayo agencies ng sanction ◆ Informal Enforced by family, primary AGENTS OF SOCIAL CONTROL caregivers, peers, other 1600’s authority figures like ➔ Religion was a way to control the people coaches and teachers, and ➔ Ex. During the Spanish colonial period, by colleagues people were so afraid of commiting a Ex. Wag jowain ang ex ng crime because the friars told them that kaibigan mo they’d burn in hell if they ever did EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL CONTROL anything illegal BUILT-IN CONTROLS ➔ Rely on deterrents such as personal shame Modern times or fear or supernatural punishment or ➔ Technology controls the people magical retaliation ➔ Ex. CCTV UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 9  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER FAMILY FAMILY CLASSIFICATION On the basis of: ➔ Set of people related by blood, marriage, LINEAGE (KINSHIP PATTERN) or agreed-upon relations who share ➔ “To whom are we related” in terms of primary responsibility for reproduction property, inheritance and emotional ties. and caring for members of society ➔ Patrilineal Family ➔ Is the basic or the most fundamental unit ◆ Tracing kinship through the male in any society line ➔ Matrilineal Family FAMILY STRUCTURES ◆ Tracing the kinship through the NUCLEAR FAMILY female line ➔ This usually consists of two generations of ➔ Bilateral Descent family, parents, and their own or adopted ◆ Both sides of a person’s family are children residing in the same household regarded as equally important EXTENDED FAMILY On the basis of: ➔ This is also known as the three generation AUTHORITY family which consists of grandparents, ➔ “Who Rules?” their children, and their grandchildren ➔ Patriarchal Family ◆ The father is considered the head TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES ➔ Matriarchal Family ➔ Families who live apart but who create ◆ The authority is held by the mother and retain a ‘sense of collective welfare ➔ Egalitarian Family and unity, in short, “familyhood,” even ◆ Family in which spouses are across national borders’ regarded as equals SEPARATED FAMILIES ➔ Husband and wife separated from each On the basis of: other RESIDENCE ➔ “Where do we live?” SINGLE PARENT FAMILY ➔ Patrilocal ➔ Consists of one parent and a child or ◆ When a married couple lives with children residing in one household or is near the husband’s family ➔ Matrilocal RECONSTITUTED FAMILY ◆ When a couple lives with or is near ➔ a family where one or more parents have to the mother’s family been married previously and they bring ➔ Neo-Local with them children from their previous ◆ When a married couple sets up a marriage(s). home separate from either side of ➔ Also known as Blended Family their families On the basis of: AFFILIATION ➔ Family of Orientation UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 10  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER ◆ With your parents and siblings ◆ Several spouses in his/her lifetime, ➔ Family of Pro-creation but only one spouse at a time ◆ With your wife or husband and children POLYGAMOUS FAMILY ➔ The husband or wife has more than one SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE partner at the same time FAMILY ➔ Polygyny ◆ A marriage of a man to several ➔ Family serves six functions for society: women ◆ Reproduction ➔ Polyandry ◆ Protection ◆ A wife with more than one ◆ Socialization husband ◆ Regulation of sexual behavior ◆ Affection and companionship COURTSHIP AND MATE SELECTION ◆ Provision of social status ➔ Preparatory stage towards marriage CONFLICT VIEW ➔ In wide range of societies, husband THE LOVE RELATIONSHIP exercised power and authority within the ➔ Despite differences, courtship – whether in family (domestic violence) the Philippines, United States, India, or elsewhere – is influenced by the norms INTERACTIONIST VIEW and values of the larger society ➔ Interested in how individuals interact with ➔ Coupling of love and marriage is not each other, whether they are cohabiting universal partners or longtime married couples, ➔ Many world cultures give priority to factors conducted studies on the parents to other than romantic feelings parents – child relationship ASPECTS OF MATE SELECTION FEMINIST VIEW ENDOGAMY ➔ Interest in family as a social institution ➔ Requires a person to marry someone because “family” is the focus of women’s from its locality, own race, own class, work and own religion ➔ Urges social scientists and agencies to consider single parent, lesbian and single EXOGAMY women ➔ Requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually family or certain kin or MARRIAGE from other categories ➔ A socially sanctioned sexual and economic ➔ Views incest as taboo union between men and women FORMS OF MARRIAGES THEORIES ON MATE SELECTION MONOGAMOUS FAMILY HOMOGAMY ➔ One woman and one man are married ➔ Tendency to select a mate with personal’s only to each other characteristics similar to one’s own ➔ Serial Monogamy UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 11  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER HETEROGAMY ➔ Government providing financial assistance ➔ Tendency to select a mate different from to single parents, many families broke up one’s own ➔ Due to this, more single parent families ➔ “Opposite attracts” best characterizes this were formed as well as reconstituted ones idea CLASS VARIATIONS IN FAMILY LIFE AND INTIMATE ➔ Couples with low incomes tend to have a RELATIONSHIPS higher divorce rate due to financial SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES conflicts ➔ Upper class ➔ Lower class families ◆ The emphasis is on the lineage and ◆ usually matrifocal or single parent maintenance of family position and tend to contribute to the ➔ Lower class financial and social instability of the ◆ They do not worry too much with society the “family name” but rather their ➔ Middle class families survival ◆ Tend to have less kids than lower ◆ Oftentimes, children assume adult class families although there is responsibilities, including marriage more financial stability. and parenthood ➔ Higher class families ◆ Have an average of one or two RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES children, thus making most higher ➔ Native-American families draw on family class families nuclear ones. ties to lessen many hardships they face ➔ Machismo STATE BENEFITS ◆ Sense of virility, personal worth, and ➔ State granting benefits to pregnant pride in one’s maleness teenagers and single mothers ➔ Familism ➔ 4Ps -> provides conditional cash grants to ◆ Pride in extended family the poorest of the poor, to improve the ➔ Muslim marriage “is governed by a health, nutrition, and the education of complex set of social rules.” children aged 0-18 INFLUENCES ON FAMILY STRUCTURE PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY INDUSTRIALIZATION ➔ According to Talcott Parsons, the PARENTHOOD AND GRANDPARENTHOOD industrialization era brought with in ➔ One of the most important roles of increased geographical and social parents is the socialization of children mobility, resulting in the break down of ➔ Boomerang generation the extended family to the privatized ◆ A group of young adults who nuclear family commonly go back to live with parents after a period of DIVORCE independence, typically due to UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 12  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER difficulties in finding employment ➔ a family unit of two adults who are legally or affordable accommodation married but have chosen not to have ➔ Full-nest Syndrome children or are unable to have children. ◆ Occurs when multiple generations of a family live under the same roof SAME SEX MARRIAGE ➔ the legal union of two people of the same ADOPTION sex ➔ Process that “allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges KINSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY of parenthood” to a new legal parent or ➔ The kinship structure is identified as the parents primary socialization unit in Philippine ➔ Transracial adoption society ◆ Adoption of non-white child by ➔ refers to relations formed between white parents members of society developed through blood or consanguineal relationships, DUAL-INCOME FAMILIES marriage, or affinal relationships, adoption, ➔ Both parents work and contribute to the and other culturally accepted rituals household’s income CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES ➔ Relationships based on blood ties, such as ➔ a household where one parent is between parents, children, siblings, nieces, responsible for raising their children and uncles/aunts. without the support of a spouse or adult partner AFFINAL KINSHIP ➔ Relationships formed through marriage STEPFAMILIES (e.g., in-laws). ➔ a family where at least one parent has children who are not biologically related to TYPES OF KINSHIP their spouse. KINSHIP BY BLOOD (Consanguineal DIVORCE / ANNULMENT relationships) ➔ A situation in which a valid marriage is ➔ Achieved by blood affinity or by birth dissolved ➔ E.g. parents - children; siblings, nieces/nephews; aunts/uncles COHABITATION ➔ Principles of descent: ➔ Couples who choose to live together ◆ Patrilineal without being married Both males and females belong to the kin group of REMAINING SINGLE their father (agnatic ➔ Being without a romantic partner succession) Only males pass on their MARRIAGE WITHOUT CHILDREN family identity onto their children (Ex. surnames) ◆ Matrilineal UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 13  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND 11HA-04 POLITICS 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 | SIR NOMER persons are related if they can ALLIANCES trace their descent through females to the same woman ➔ a bond or connection between families, ancestor states, parties, or individuals Only daughters can pass on ➔ Philippine Social relationships - as a their family line to their “mosaic of personal alliances” molded out offspring of the ffg: Ex. Rain Queen (province of Limpopo, South Africa) the RITUAL KINSHIP eldest daughter is the heir, ➔ Ex. baptism, confirmation, and marriage and males are not entitled ➔ Mutual kinship system known as to inherit the throne at all compadrazgo, meaning godparenthood or sponsorship, dates back at least to the KINSHIP BY RITUALS introduction of christianity and perhaps ➔ Baptism, confirmation, and marriage earlier ➔ This mutual kinship system, known as compadrazgo, meaning godparenthood SUKI RELATIONSHIPS or sponsorship, dates back at least to the ➔ Market-exchange partnerships introduction of Christianity and perhaps ➔ May develop between two people who earlier agree to become regular customers and suppliers KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE ➔ a socially sanctioned sexual and economic PATRON-CLIENT BONDS union between men and women ➔ A part of prescribed patterns of appropriate behaviour DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS ➔ The basis of kinship in the Philippines is FRIENDSHIP not bounded by family ➔ Filipinos also extend the circle of social ◆ Emphasizes social relations with alliances with friendship each other PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR: PAKIKIPAGKAPWA ➔ one must be considered “one of us” to be socially acceptable PRINCIPLES OF RECIPROCAL OBLIGATION 1) Respect for elders is tantamount to recognizing them as the authority figures in society 2) A dyadic bond between two individuals–utang na loob or “contractual reciprocal obligation” 3) Hiya: the emotional accompaniment of Kapwa UCSP 11HA-04 | AY. 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER: 2ND QUARTER 14