European Settlement of Australia

Overcrowding in British prisons due to increased crime.

Hulks were empty ships used to imprison criminals due to overcrowded jails.

The American colonies refused to accept British convicts following their independence.

<p>Wood, coal, and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The colony was proclaimed on February 7, 1788.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sydney Cove had more reliable water supplies and a safe harbor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first meetings between Indigenous peoples and settlers were peaceful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Settlers brought diseases to which Indigenous peoples had no immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Australian Government introduced tariffs on imports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Australian pharmacists George Nicholas and Henry Smith developed Aspro, making it a popular alternative to German-made Aspirin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women took on voluntary work, joined the workforce in male-dominated fields, and served as nurses during the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 3000 Australian nurses served overseas, facing challenges like witnessing horrific injuries and providing care in makeshift hospitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With around 500,000 men away, more women entered the workforce to support the war effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Australian Women's Service Corps aimed to train women to replace men in domestic services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expectation remained that women would return to traditional homemaking roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Farmers supplied wheat, dairy, meat, and wool for soldiers' uniforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary consequence was a devastating decline in the Aboriginal population due to diseases, violence, and loss of food sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batman's Treaty was based on European land ownership concepts, which were unfamiliar and not applicable to Indigenous views on land belonging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discovery of gold in 1851 significantly contributed to Victoria's prosperity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Governor Bourke declared Batman's treaty invalid, asserting that the British Crown owned Australia and had exclusive rights to land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 1850, one in five migrants had become landowners or leaseholders in the Port Phillip District.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tribal elders were involved in the negotiations, but they did not have the authority to sell the land of their people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William Buckley observed that Aboriginal people did not have chiefs with superior rights to the land, questioning the legitimacy of the land deals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tandarrum refers to a ceremonial exchange or interaction that included gifting and safe passage among Indigenous peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pro-conscription supporters argued it was a patriotic duty to support the war effort and accused opponents of being lazy and selfish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opponents were predominantly working-class, Catholic, and Irish-born, arguing that Australia had already sacrificed enough men and termed it a capitalist war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hughes justified conscription by comparing Australia's smaller military commitment to Britain's and stressing the need for Australians to rise to the occasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plebiscite was held to decide whether Australians should be required to serve in the military amid deep national division over the issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archbishop Mannix condemned conscription by equating it with slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trade unionists claimed that conscription would lower wages for non-whites and highlighted the war as a capitalism war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pro-conscription propaganda depicted noble soldiers and their suffering families to evoke patriotism among Australians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women were equally divided on the conscription issue, reflecting the broader societal divisions of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Militarism is the belief that nations should maintain strong armed forces. Between 1871 and 1914, European countries significantly increased military spending and implemented conscription policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alliances, intended as defensive treaties, created an atmosphere of suspicion and tension among non-signatories. They perceived these alliances as threats to their own national security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diseases and painful conditions spread due to poor sanitation, damp trenches, and food-handling practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaiser Wilhelm II aimed to prevent the extension of the French Empire in North Africa. He believed that supporting Moroccan independence would counter French influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soldiers used improvised grenades made from jam, bones, razors, and nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary consequence was that Kaiser Wilhelm II was humiliated on the international stage. This also reinforced the alliance between Britain and France against Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This tactic involved using tins filled with water to fire rifles, enabling a successful and stealthy withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cause was a request for French support from the local Sultan to suppress a rebellion. Kaiser Wilhelm II feared a complete French takeover of Morocco and sent a naval ship to Agadir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Australians see it as a symbol of the Anzac spirit, while Turks refer to it as 'Çanakkale Savasi', a victory over invaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With dawn services and marches held across the country, including ceremonies at war memorials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The crisis heightened tensions, as Germany's aggressive stance made France furious and prompted Britain to back France. It deepened the divide between the Central Powers and the Allies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anzac Day was officially declared a day of commemoration in 1916.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On average, military spending increased by about 300 percent for many European countries. This surge was indicative of the arms race during this period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscription mandated that all men over 18 serve in the military, ensuring that nations had a ready pool of soldiers. This measure aimed to bolster military strength amid rising competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>School children learn about the Gallipoli landing and hear stories like that of Simpson and his donkey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The campaign resulted in 8,709 Australian deaths and 19,000 injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers