European Monarchs & British Industrial Revolution

• Revolution is a change or progression to improve society

The Enlightenment Period (1600-1800)

• Also called the Intellectual Revolution or the Age of Reason.
• People began using logic and reasoning to explore and discover new ideas.
• People used logical reasoning to improve their lives and the lives of others.
• The Scientific Revolution took place at the same time with new inventions and discoveries, and the development of new subjects being taught and explored, like physics and anatomy.
• Started in France due to absolute monarchs.
• Absolute monarchs such as Louis XIV gave the people very little freedom and taxed them heavily to pay for their lavish lifestyles.
• French people shared ideas with each other.
• People collected information or data and printed them in encyclopedias.
• People called themselves philosophes or enlightened philosophers.
• Philosophes met in private homes called salons.
• New religions like Deism and the Methodist Church were started.
• Deism involved using logic or critical thinking to prove the existence of God and explain miracles.
• The Methodist Church was founded by John Wesley, who believed that the people should have moderate and pious views.
• New religions challenged the Anglicans, Presbyterians, and the Church of England.
• Enlightenment period ended with the French Revolution where it transformed into the Romantic Period.
• Some monarchs became enlightened absolute monarchs and granted more freedom.
• Many countries started a legislative body in their government.
• Intellectual revolutions of the period led to the industrial revolution, the American Revolution, the Latin American revolution, and the French Revolution.
• John Locke: English philosophe, wrote The Second Treatise on Civil Government, and believed in a social contract with the people, where the people could withdraw consent and establish a new government if the contract was broken.
• Baron de Montesquieu: wrote Spirit of Laws, advocating for a democratic government run by a system of checks and balances between executives, legislative, and judicial branches, to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful and allow the people's wishes to be heard.
• Jean Jacques Rousseau: Believed in Locke's theory of social contract between the people and the government; Wrote "Emile," which said that children should be allowed freedom to develop their natural talents; Believed people would be happier if they lived closer to nature; Theories were rejected by the French monarchs
• Adam Smith: Scottish professor in Edinburg that wrote "The Wealth of Nations," claiming that the wealth of a nation could be found it its people and products and stating that the government should stay out of industry in principal Laisse-faire to allow the government to benefit from taxes and the people to benefit from trade and prices
• Voltaire: Believed in freedom of thought and religion and lived in France, Russia, and Prussia

England (Great Britain)

• James I starts the Stuart dynasty in England 1603-1714
• James I also was an absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money
• Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic, and mother to James I, who was raised Protestant

Charles I

• James' son
• Was also more arrogant than his father
• Was also an absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money

Second English Civil War

• Started as the Protestant Puritan leaders rebelled against Charles (Catholic)
• Lasted from 1642-1649
• Charles' supporters were called loyalists or cavaliers
• Puritan Opposition led by Oliver Cromwell were called roundheads
• Cromwell wins because he has support from the army
• Charles is executed in 1649 by public beheading
• Cromwell takes over and makes himself Lord Protector or Dictator
• Cromwell's son Richard takes over after his death, but he was weak
• Charles II put on the throne by Parliament
• Parliament had control of the government
• When Charles II died, he had no heir
• His younger brother James I became King.
• James I was an absolute monarch who believed in divine right
• James I started having problems after his Protestant first wife died because he then had 2 duaghters: Mary, married to William of Orange, Anne, who was married to an English noble
• James then married a Catholic princess and converts.
• He had a son with her and James decides to make England Catholic again

Glorious Revolution in 1688

• Parliament takes James off the throne in the glorious revolution of 1688
• It was called the glorious revolution because there was no civil war
• Parliament was influenced by Enlightened writers
• William III and Mary II become the new monarchs, the only joint rulers of England.
• Parliament passes Act of Succession which forbids any Catholic from becoming monarch
• Parliament will pass the English Bill of Rights in 1689, and it gave people the rights of free speech, religion, press, and assembly
• Most of these rights were given to white male landowners, and it became a model for British colonies especially after they gained their independence
• The next monarch is Anne I
• Anne has little power and Parliament controls the government
• Anne will be the last Stuart monarch
• When she died, Parliament made George 1 monarch
• George was chosen because he was a Protestant German from Hanover.
• He will start the Hanover dynasty which rules from 1714 – 1837
• George did not have absolute power and Parliament ran the government
• Anne had 2 advisors named John and Sarah Churchill

Russia

• Mikhail Romanov will start the Romanov Dynasty which rules Russia from 1613-1917
• The Russian rulers were emperors called tzars or tzarinas
• They were absolute rulers who controlled everything
• The Russian people loved the royal family and supported them
• Peter the Great (Peter 1) was the most successful Romanov emperor (1689-1721)
• Peter the Great built a brand-new castle in St Petersburg on the Baltic Sea.
• Peter the Great was an enlightened absolute monarch because he read the writings of the enlightened philosophes.
• He westernized Russia and made them adopt western clothing and made French the official language
• He copied the British navy and the Prussian army
• He allowed Russian women to have the right to choose who to marry - He modernized the Russian calendar and started the first Russian newspaper
  • He made the Russian Orthodox Church the official religion -He built schools and hospitals and made everyone pay taxes including the church and nobles -He encouraged developments in agriculture, science, and industry
• After Peter's death, Catherine the Great (Catherine 2) will be the next successful monarch
• She was a German princess who married into the royal Russian family

Catherine the Great

• In 1762, Catherine led the nobles and overthrew her husband (Peter 3)
• The Russian people loved her because she was an enlightened absolute monarch.
• Catherine the Great gave religious freedom to everyone, including Protestants and Jews.
• She gives the Russian people more freedom
• In 1767, she allowed the Russian people to form a convention to write a new constitution -She increased trade with Europe -She annexed the Crimea Peninsula near the Black Sea -In 1772, she annexed part of Poland, along with Prussia and Austria -She built schools and hospitals -Voltaire became one of her advisors -Because she was not moving fast enough, the nobles rebelled against her with Catherine killing them and revoking her reforms

Austria

• Ruled by absolute monarchs in the Hapsburg dynasty, 1215-1970
• Maria Theresa (Catholic) was an enlightened benevolent monarch -She and her husband had 16 children, including Marie Antoinette -Her son and husband were Holy Roman Emperors, but she ruled Austria as Empress -She made Austria powerful by mirroring the government and military of Prussia -She forced nobles to pay taxes to help people -In 1772 she split Poland between Russia and Prussia -She lost a war with Prussia and gave them the region Silesia (rich in iron ore and coal) -Austrian citizens mourned her death when she died -Her son Joseph II became emperor upon her death -He was an enlightened benevolent monarch that gave religious freedom and equal rights to everyone -He freed serfs and required nobles to pay taxes to build schools -He ended death penalties for certain crimes -He made German the official language of Austria -He lost a war to Prussia, and the nobles and the church then retook the government -All reforms he and his mother made were undone by the nobles

Prussia

• Hohenzollern dynasty (1415-1980) Kaisers
• Prussia became a nation when Willhelm united the Southern German states
• His son Frederick I made Prussia's military stronger and more powerful, becoming the best/strongest in all of Europe -He took power from nobles -He asked Huguenots to live in Prussia after they were kicked out of France, which strengthened Prussian agriculture and industry

Frederick II (Frederick the Great)

• Became Kaiser
• When he was young, Frederick II and his friends ran away to France, but his father forced them back to Prussia where all of them were executed except Frederick
• Frederick II will become an enlightened benevolent ruler, whose accomplishments improve Russian lives -He opens elementary schools, trade schools, craft schools -He was influenced by Voltaire -He allowed freedom of the press -He gave religious freedom to everyone except Jews and Polish people (Catholic) -He started the Berlin Academy of Science -He built roads, canals, and started new industries -He funded research in agriculture -In 1748, he took Silesia away from Austria, because it was rich in iron ore and coal -In 1772, him, Austria, and Russia split and annexed Poland -After Frederick II dies, the Kaisers become absolute, and this will hurt Prussia, giving its people little experience in self-government -Because of this, the German people will respect authority, authoritarian rulers, and the military, and the German people will not accept democracy until after WWII

Spain

• Until 1710, Louis 14 ruled both France and Spain
• His grandson became king and began the Bourbon dynasty in Spain
• Spanish legislative body called the Cortez, which was only an advisory council to the monarch
• The monarch was an absolute ruler who gave the people very little freedom
• The royal advisory council was set up to govern and control Spanish colonies
• It appointed governors called viceroys who were wealthy nobles -Only wealthy male landowners could vote in elections for local leaders

Poland

• Monarch was chosen by the nobles
• The middle class and everyone else had few rights
• In 1772 a religious body called the Diet was created
• The Diet had little power because they had to have unanimous votes to make decisions
• In 1772 Poland was invaded by Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Netherlands

• Became independent from Spain in 1689
• Second-strongest protestant nation in Europe
• Had the second strongest navy
• Shipbuilding was also one of their main industries
• Had two big industrial cities, Amsterdam and Rotterdam
• Legislative body controlled the government
• Monarchs were only figureheads and belonged to the House of Orange (William 3 of England)

Legislative Bodies in Europe

• Great Britain -Act of Union (Wales, England, and Scotland) 1707
• Kept England's legislative body called Parliament -Divided into two houses: -House of Lords -Members Inherited their seats, and, in the beginning, it had more power and made all the decisions -House of Commons -Members in the middle class and were elected to their seats
• Parliament was created in 1215 when King John signed the Magna Carta because King John heavily taxed the people -Parliament controlled all the finances of the monarchs and England -The monarchs could not pass taxes unless they had permission from Parliament -The monarchs had power over Parliament because they called it in to session and they could dissolve it at any time -The Magna Carta also forced the monarch and royal officials to obey laws and be accountable to the people
• Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy -The monarch is a figurehead with little power -The real head of the government is the prime minister who is elected from the House of Commons Parliament became a role model for the new colonies -Only white males owning land were allowed to vote -France -In 1302, the Estate - General's were formed -First Estate -Made up of clergy -Owned 10% of the land -Paid no taxes -Second Estate -Made up of royalty and nobles -Owned 20% of the land -Paid no taxes -Third Estate (97%) -Largest estate -Owned only 1-3% of the land -Divided into three groups -Bourgeoisie – doctors, lawyers, middle class, educated -Culottes – servants, city workers, skilled workers, serfs; -Sans – poor. Peasants were the largest group of the third estate, uneducated and poor. Paid all the taxes and were always outvoted by the higher estates
• By 1789 the Estates only met twice If the third estate protested for more rights, the monarch would dismiss the estates general, which would lead the Third Estate to start the French Revolution
• France had an absolute monarch who gave the people very few privileges

Common Traits of Monarchs

• Theory of Divine Right -Monarchs believed God gave them power through their birthright -Monarchs became absolute rulers whom the people must obey -They were jealous of each other and always at war -Practiced the right of mercantilism -Mercantilism was an economic system where colonies existed for the good of the mother country -Monarchs needed money, so they exploited colonies natural resources as markets for trade and colonies' people -Monarchs started the slave trade in all colonies -European nations started tariffs, requiring colonies to trade only with their mother countries

Slave Trade

• The Trans-Atlantic slave trade to Africa started in 1200-1300 by Portugal
• In 1300, Britain took over the slave trade.
• First began in North, Central, and South America, and Caribbean -Many native people were made slaves -Spanish, British, and French intermarried with the natives -Because many of the native people died from diseases such as smallpox, the European nation began the Trans-Atlantic trade slave to Africa -Slave trade in Africa started in 1200-1300 by Portugal -In 1300, British took over the slave trade -Slaves were seldom freed, and their children also became slaves

How Monarchs Differed

Religion

• Catholics: Italian kingdoms, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria
• Protestants: Prussia, England

Economics

• Rural and urban areas. -Eastern Europe was mostly rural and depended on farming -Most of Western Europe was urban -The industrial revolution does not start in eastern Europe until the late 1800s -Eastern European monarchs also used serfs and peasants for labor, and they were bound to the nobles examples include Eastern European countries- Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Austria

Military

• All the absolute monarchs used the military to stay in power
• Eastern European monarchs used the military more often -The military was divided into the army and the navy -The strongest Catholic nation was France and the strongest Protestant nation was Great Britain -The strongest navy was Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden -The strongest army was Prussia, France

Industrial Revolution (Phase 1)

• Started in Great Britain in 1769 when James Watt made the first functioning steam engine
• Great Britain had large amounts of coal and water resources to produce steam -- Great Britain also had large sources of iron ore which they converted into steel
• -- Why it Started

1. The British had the largest empire in the world and exploited their natural resources
2. It had political stability, which created a democratic government a. The people had the freedom to develop new ideas and inventions b. The people were able to create more goods
3. Great Britain had the strongest navy and merchant marine
4. It had a mild climate
5. They had a good transportation system of roads, railroads, harbors, and canals
6. They have made new agricultural improvements a. They had many skilled workers willing to work in factories b. This produced enough food for everyone who moved to the cities
7. They had a good banking system and people willing to make investments
8. They had colonies to use as a market for their goods
9. They refused to share their ideas with anyone else
10. The people willingly moved from a rural to an urban area

• Results of the Industrial Revolution

1. Great Britain became the first industrial giant of the world
2. Society changed in the upper and middle classes, creating millionaires
3. More books, newspapers, and magazines will be published
4. The new technology will increase the labor supply and make it more mobile
5. Capitalism became popular, started by Adam Smith in his book the Wealth of Nations Monarch and Parliament changed in the Industrial Revolution

• The Hanover dynasty rules Great Britain
• George 1 had very little power and was only a figurehead
• George II was also just a figurehead
• During this time, Parliament gains more power a. The monarchs had a group of advisors called the Privy Council who would make suggestions to Parliament b. Its members were made up of Parliament members in the House of Commons c. There were two political parties in the House of Commons

1. Whigs supported a strong Parliament, commercial interests, and rights for the people
2. Tories supported a strong monarchy, the nobles, and large landowners d. The position of prime minister was created to run the government

• Robert Walpole was Britain's first prime minister elected in 1721
• He was prime minister for 21 years e. The Whig party became powerful because it had the support of the middle class

American Revolution

A. Reasons why

1. The Americans complained of taxation without representation

2. The American colonies wanted to end mercantilism a. The Americans wanted to trade with other European nations b. Most of the colonies, the British started were from two wars

3. Thirty Years' War 1618-1648

   a. It was fought over religious differences between Protestants and Catholics

   b. Britain was the strongest European nation and had the best navy

   c. When Americans tried to trade with other countries, the British placed heavy taxes or tariffs on them

d. The Hundred Years' War - Britain gained colonies in America 3. The Americans read the works of the philosophes and enlightened writers

B. Historical Events

4. In the Seven Years War, Britian defeated France and their Native American allies

   a. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 with the British taking over almost all the French territory in North America

   b. The British promised there would be no settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains

   c. The American colonies broke the treaty, and the Native Americans attacked them

5. The British send troops to protect their colonies

6. The British made the Americans pay for the costs of the war and to protect the colonies

7. The British increased the tariff especially on imported goods such as tea, sugar, and paper a. Prime minister William Pitt (the Elder) gained support from Parliament for these taxes b. He also increased the tariffs on British citizens

8. The Americans protested but they could do nothing to stop the British

9. A new monarch named George III wanted to become an absolute monarch a. Prime minister Lord Frederick North increased tariffs again b. On July 2, 1776, America gained independence with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson c. The Declaration becomes a model for modern democracy, liberty, and freedom d. After 8 years the war ended In the Treaty of Paris in 1783

• Americans won because France gave them money and assistance
• Americans received all the territory north to Canada, east to the Atlantic Ocean, south to Florida, and west to the Mississippi River
• Created the colonies as The United States of America

7. Governed by the Articles of Confederation from 1781-1787

• The Articles were weak because there was no centralized government to enforce them8.7. -The Articles also weakened the economy and put the states in debt

9. The states decided to meet and form a new government D. States met in Philadelphia.

10. Wrote a constitution that formed a constitutional republic where officials are elected to run the government

11. The constitution formed three branches of government with a system of checks and balances (Baron de Montesquieu)

12. The constitution also contained the Bill of Rights which contained the first ten amendments to protect the rights of the people

E. Effects of the American Revolution

1. George III lost his power as an absolute monarch

2. He and his wife had 14 children

3. He studied agriculture and was nicknamed” Farmer George”

4. He developed a disease called Porphyria which caused dementia or madness

5. He died in 1820, and his son became George IV

6. The American Revolution spread ideas of liberty, equality, and freedom

7. It influenced and caused the Latin American Revolution to begin

8. It influenced and caused the French Revolution a. It caused France to increase its debt -b. It gave the French people hope for freedom esp. the Third Estate

Latin American Revolution (1799-1800)

A. Reasons why it starts

1. Political

a. Spain and Portugal, who controlled most of the colonies there, were absolute rulers

b. The people in the colonies had no freedom 2.Economical a.The colonies were forced to practice mercantilism b.The people in the Spanish colonies could not trade with other countries, and were dependent on Spain 3. Religious a. The Spanish were Catholics who were intolerant of other religions b. The Inquisition was started to keep the church in power4 4. Social

a. The Spanish colonies were settled by **wealthy plantation owners** called **Creoles**
b. The Creoles sent their children to Europe where they were educated in the **enlightened writers**

5. In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte of France took over Spain and Portugal

   a. The colonies were cut off and became independent

   b. The colonies did not want to give up their self-government’ -The Creoles wanted to help the poor

6. The American Revolution gave them hope

B. Latin American wars for independence

1. Mexico

   a. In 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain

   b. They formed a republic, but it was overthrown

2. General Santa Anna was the most famous Mexican dictator a. In 1836, he lost Texas in the Battle of the Alamo b. In 1848, he lost the Mexican American war and all the southwest territory Today Mexico is a republic whose president is Claudia Sheinbaum Pardoe

The Bourbon Dynasty

• Ruled France from 1589-1789
• Started by Henry II after a civil war between Protestants and Catholics
• Henry II was Protestant but converted to Catholicism
• Henry II Issues Edict of Nantes in 1598, giving religious freedom to French Protestants called Huguenots -Henry II was murdered in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic

Louis XIV

-Son of Henry II -Was an absolute monarch and gave the French people very little freedom -He built the palace of Versailles outside of Paris, taking 42 years -Infamously stating, “I am the state; I am the sun"

Jean Baptist Colbert

• Made minister of finance by Louis XIV

• Started mercantilism to get Louis the money he needed

• Despite raising taxes and tariffs, Colbert could not keep France out of debt

• After Colbert died, Louis XIV has to raise taxes even more Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1689, affecting the Huguenots, who were the skilled workers, merchants, and craftsmen

• They went to Prussia, helping Prussia's economy, which weakened the French economy -When Louis XIV died, his son would continue ruining the French economy

Romanov Dynasty

• Mikhail Romanov started it Rules Russia from 1613-1917

-The Russian rulers were emperors called tzars/tzarinas -They were absolute rulers who controlled everything -The Russian people loved the royal family and supported them

Test your knowledge of European monarchs, key historical events like the Edict of Nantes, and the British Industrial Revolution. This quiz covers significant rulers, economic policies, and factors contributing to industrial growth.