Questions and Answers
__________________ called the Americas 'The New World'.
Europeans
____________ ties knit the Native Americans communities together.
Kinship
What began one of the most consequential developments in all of human history and the first chapter in the long American Yawp?
The arrival of the Europeans and the resulting global exchange of people, animals, plants, and microbes.
Native Americans passed ____________ down.
Signup and view all the answers
According to the Lenape tradition, the earth was made when ________________________ fell into a watery world, landed safely on a turtle's back, creating Turtle Island or ___________________.
Signup and view all the answers
A land bridge connected Asia and North America across the ___________________.
Signup and view all the answers
Evidence illustrates a great deal of _______________, with numerous different groups settling and migrating over thousands of years.
Signup and view all the answers
Rich and diverse _________ fueled massive population growth across the continent.
Signup and view all the answers
Mesoamericans in modern-day Mexico and Central America relied upon domesticated ________ to develop the hemisphere's first settled population around 1200 BC.
Signup and view all the answers
In the Eastern Woodlands, what three crops were known as the 'Three Sisters'?
Signup and view all the answers
Typically in Woodland communities, women practiced ______________ while men ____________ and _____________.
Signup and view all the answers
Societies transitioning to _____________________ experienced weaker bones and teeth.
Signup and view all the answers
Many Native cultures understood ancestry as ____________________.
Signup and view all the answers
Women often chose their husbands.
Signup and view all the answers
Native Americans used ___________________________ to record medical treatments, recipes, songs, stories, and more.
Signup and view all the answers
Sophisticated agricultural practices, extensive trading networks, and even the domestication of animals like turkeys allowed the _______________________ to swell.
Signup and view all the answers
The Puebloan people of Chaco Canyon faced several _________________ challenges, which ultimately caused this community to collapse.
Signup and view all the answers
No American city, in fact, would match _________________ peak population levels until after the American Revolution.
Signup and view all the answers
Native American slavery was not based not on holding people as property. Instead, Native Americans understood slaves as people who lacked _____________ networks.
Signup and view all the answers
______________ and ___________________ became an important way that many Native communities regrew and gained or maintained power.
Signup and view all the answers
Around the year 1050, Cahokia experienced a '_______________' or 'a virtually instantaneous and persuasive shift in all things political, social, and ideological.
Signup and view all the answers
_______________ became a key trading center.
Signup and view all the answers
In the Eastern Woodlands, many Native American societies lived in smaller dispersed communities in order to take advantage of the _____________ and abundant rivers and streams.
Signup and view all the answers
Lenape ______________ extended authority over marriages, households, agricultural production, and even may have played a significant part in determining the selection of leaders, called sachems.
Signup and view all the answers
Along with the 'Three Sisters', Lenape women planted _________________, ______________, and ________________.
Signup and view all the answers
The people of the region of the Pacific Northwest depended upon _______________ for survival. They also were abundant in __________________.
Signup and view all the answers
The ____________ were treated with spiritual respect and its image represented prosperity, life, and renewal.
Signup and view all the answers
As news of the Spanish conquest spread, wealth-hungry Spaniards poured into the New World seeking __________, __________, and titles.
Signup and view all the answers
The Spanish managed labor relations through a legal system known as the ______________________, an exploitive feudal arrangement in which Spain tied Indian laborers to vast estates.
Signup and view all the answers
Spanish authorities banished the encomienda because of Spanish abuses, and replaced it with the ______________________.
Signup and view all the answers
True or false? Maya civilization collapsed before European arrival.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the most powerful Native civilization ever seen in the Western Hemisphere? (also built the largest empire in the New World)
Signup and view all the answers
Much of the Aztecs city was built on large artificial islands, called ___________________.
Signup and view all the answers
____________________ organized an invasion of Mexico in 1519.
Signup and view all the answers
Cortes captured the emperor Montezuma and used him to gain control of the Aztecs' __________ and ___________ reserves and its network of mines.
Signup and view all the answers
Very many died of _________________.
Signup and view all the answers
_____________________ deceived Incan rulers and took control of the empire and seized the capital city, Cuzco, in 1533.
Signup and view all the answers
True or false? Indians always outnumbered the Spanish and the Spaniards.
Signup and view all the answers
An elaborate ___________ hierarchy marked Spanish life in the New World. The Sistema de Castas organized individuals into various racial groups based upon their supposed '_________________'.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the deadliest weapon in the European arsenal?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
European Arrival and Native Cultures
- Europeans referred to the Americas as "The New World."
- Kinship was a foundational element connecting Native American communities.
- The arrival of Europeans initiated a global exchange affecting people, animals, plants, and diseases.
Native American Traditions and Origin Stories
- Native Americans transmitted cultural knowledge through oral stories.
- Lenape tradition narrates the creation of Earth by Sky Women, leading to the name Turtle Island for North America.
- The Bering Strait served as a land bridge connecting Asia to North America.
Population and Agricultural Development
- Diversity was prevalent, with various groups settling across the continent over millennia.
- Abundant and varied diets contributed to significant population growth.
- Mesoamerican civilizations, especially around 1200 BC, were rooted in agriculture, particularly maize cultivation.
Agricultural Practices in Eastern Woodlands
- The "Three Sisters"—corn, beans, and squash—were staple crops for Eastern Woodland societies.
- In these communities, women mainly engaged in agriculture, while men focused on hunting and fishing.
- Societal shifts to agriculture led to health issues, including weaker bones and teeth.
Social Structures and Cultural Traditions
- Many Native American societies were matrilineal, tracing lineage through women.
- Women held authority in various aspects of life, including marriage and agriculture.
- Birch-bark scrolls were utilized for recording important cultural and medicinal knowledge.
Cahokia and Population Centers
- Cahokia emerged as a major population center, unprecedented until after the American Revolution.
- The term "big bang" refers to a major transformation in Cahokia’s political and social structures around 1050.
Economic Systems and Slavery
- Native American slavery was not based on ownership but viewed as the absence of kinship networks.
- Slavery and captive trading were vital for many Native communities to restore and maintain power.
Ecological Challenges and Cultural Diversity
- The Puebloan community in Chaco Canyon faced ecological challenges leading to its collapse.
- Eastern Woodlands communities adapted to rich soils and abundant water systems by living in smaller settlements.
Trade and Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest
- The Pacific Northwest relied heavily on salmon and cedar trees for sustenance and economic development.
- Fish were regarded as sacred, symbolizing prosperity and vitality.
Spanish Conquest and Colonial Impact
- As news of Spanish conquests spread, many Spaniards sought wealth in the New World through land and resources.
- The encomienda system was an exploitative labor arrangement linking Indigenous workers to colonial estates, later replaced by the repartimiento due to abuses.
Indigenous Empires and European Interactions
- The Maya civilization had already collapsed prior to European contact.
- The Aztecs were the most powerful Native civilization, constructing extensive urban centers on chinampas, or artificial islands.
- Hernan Cortes led the invasion of Mexico in 1519, capturing emperor Montezuma to exploit his wealth.
Consequences of Conquest
- Smallpox decimated the Indigenous population, acting as a deadly weapon of colonial conquest.
- Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in 1533 by deceiving its rulers, seizing control of the capital Cuzco.
Racial Hierarchies in Colonial Society
- Spanish colonial society in the New World was characterized by a complex racial hierarchy known as the Sistema de Castas, emphasizing so-called "purity of blood."
- Disease was the most lethal weapon against Indigenous peoples during European conquest.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the significant interactions between European settlers and Native American cultures. This quiz covers the foundational elements of kinship, agricultural practices, and the transmission of cultural knowledge through oral traditions. Test your understanding of the diversity and complexity of Indigenous cultures in North America.