Questions and Answers
__________________ called the Americas 'The New World'.
Europeans
____________ ties knit the Native Americans communities together.
Kinship
What began one of the most consequential developments in all of human history and the first chapter in the long American Yawp?
The arrival of the Europeans and the resulting global exchange of people, animals, plants, and microbes.
Native Americans passed ____________ down.
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According to the Lenape tradition, the earth was made when ________________________ fell into a watery world, landed safely on a turtle's back, creating Turtle Island or ___________________.
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A land bridge connected Asia and North America across the ___________________.
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Evidence illustrates a great deal of _______________, with numerous different groups settling and migrating over thousands of years.
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Rich and diverse _________ fueled massive population growth across the continent.
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Mesoamericans in modern-day Mexico and Central America relied upon domesticated ________ to develop the hemisphere's first settled population around 1200 BC.
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In the Eastern Woodlands, what three crops were known as the 'Three Sisters'?
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Typically in Woodland communities, women practiced ______________ while men ____________ and _____________.
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Societies transitioning to _____________________ experienced weaker bones and teeth.
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Many Native cultures understood ancestry as ____________________.
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Women often chose their husbands.
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Native Americans used ___________________________ to record medical treatments, recipes, songs, stories, and more.
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Sophisticated agricultural practices, extensive trading networks, and even the domestication of animals like turkeys allowed the _______________________ to swell.
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The Puebloan people of Chaco Canyon faced several _________________ challenges, which ultimately caused this community to collapse.
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No American city, in fact, would match _________________ peak population levels until after the American Revolution.
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Native American slavery was not based not on holding people as property. Instead, Native Americans understood slaves as people who lacked _____________ networks.
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______________ and ___________________ became an important way that many Native communities regrew and gained or maintained power.
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Around the year 1050, Cahokia experienced a '_______________' or 'a virtually instantaneous and persuasive shift in all things political, social, and ideological.
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_______________ became a key trading center.
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In the Eastern Woodlands, many Native American societies lived in smaller dispersed communities in order to take advantage of the _____________ and abundant rivers and streams.
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Lenape ______________ extended authority over marriages, households, agricultural production, and even may have played a significant part in determining the selection of leaders, called sachems.
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Along with the 'Three Sisters', Lenape women planted _________________, ______________, and ________________.
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The people of the region of the Pacific Northwest depended upon _______________ for survival. They also were abundant in __________________.
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The ____________ were treated with spiritual respect and its image represented prosperity, life, and renewal.
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As news of the Spanish conquest spread, wealth-hungry Spaniards poured into the New World seeking __________, __________, and titles.
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The Spanish managed labor relations through a legal system known as the ______________________, an exploitive feudal arrangement in which Spain tied Indian laborers to vast estates.
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Spanish authorities banished the encomienda because of Spanish abuses, and replaced it with the ______________________.
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True or false? Maya civilization collapsed before European arrival.
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What was the most powerful Native civilization ever seen in the Western Hemisphere? (also built the largest empire in the New World)
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Much of the Aztecs city was built on large artificial islands, called ___________________.
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____________________ organized an invasion of Mexico in 1519.
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Cortes captured the emperor Montezuma and used him to gain control of the Aztecs' __________ and ___________ reserves and its network of mines.
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Very many died of _________________.
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_____________________ deceived Incan rulers and took control of the empire and seized the capital city, Cuzco, in 1533.
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True or false? Indians always outnumbered the Spanish and the Spaniards.
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An elaborate ___________ hierarchy marked Spanish life in the New World. The Sistema de Castas organized individuals into various racial groups based upon their supposed '_________________'.
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What was the deadliest weapon in the European arsenal?
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Study Notes
European Arrival and Native Cultures
- Europeans referred to the Americas as "The New World."
- Kinship was a foundational element connecting Native American communities.
- The arrival of Europeans initiated a global exchange affecting people, animals, plants, and diseases.
Native American Traditions and Origin Stories
- Native Americans transmitted cultural knowledge through oral stories.
- Lenape tradition narrates the creation of Earth by Sky Women, leading to the name Turtle Island for North America.
- The Bering Strait served as a land bridge connecting Asia to North America.
Population and Agricultural Development
- Diversity was prevalent, with various groups settling across the continent over millennia.
- Abundant and varied diets contributed to significant population growth.
- Mesoamerican civilizations, especially around 1200 BC, were rooted in agriculture, particularly maize cultivation.
Agricultural Practices in Eastern Woodlands
- The "Three Sisters"—corn, beans, and squash—were staple crops for Eastern Woodland societies.
- In these communities, women mainly engaged in agriculture, while men focused on hunting and fishing.
- Societal shifts to agriculture led to health issues, including weaker bones and teeth.
Social Structures and Cultural Traditions
- Many Native American societies were matrilineal, tracing lineage through women.
- Women held authority in various aspects of life, including marriage and agriculture.
- Birch-bark scrolls were utilized for recording important cultural and medicinal knowledge.
Cahokia and Population Centers
- Cahokia emerged as a major population center, unprecedented until after the American Revolution.
- The term "big bang" refers to a major transformation in Cahokia’s political and social structures around 1050.
Economic Systems and Slavery
- Native American slavery was not based on ownership but viewed as the absence of kinship networks.
- Slavery and captive trading were vital for many Native communities to restore and maintain power.
Ecological Challenges and Cultural Diversity
- The Puebloan community in Chaco Canyon faced ecological challenges leading to its collapse.
- Eastern Woodlands communities adapted to rich soils and abundant water systems by living in smaller settlements.
Trade and Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest
- The Pacific Northwest relied heavily on salmon and cedar trees for sustenance and economic development.
- Fish were regarded as sacred, symbolizing prosperity and vitality.
Spanish Conquest and Colonial Impact
- As news of Spanish conquests spread, many Spaniards sought wealth in the New World through land and resources.
- The encomienda system was an exploitative labor arrangement linking Indigenous workers to colonial estates, later replaced by the repartimiento due to abuses.
Indigenous Empires and European Interactions
- The Maya civilization had already collapsed prior to European contact.
- The Aztecs were the most powerful Native civilization, constructing extensive urban centers on chinampas, or artificial islands.
- Hernan Cortes led the invasion of Mexico in 1519, capturing emperor Montezuma to exploit his wealth.
Consequences of Conquest
- Smallpox decimated the Indigenous population, acting as a deadly weapon of colonial conquest.
- Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in 1533 by deceiving its rulers, seizing control of the capital Cuzco.
Racial Hierarchies in Colonial Society
- Spanish colonial society in the New World was characterized by a complex racial hierarchy known as the Sistema de Castas, emphasizing so-called "purity of blood."
- Disease was the most lethal weapon against Indigenous peoples during European conquest.
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Description
Explore the significant interactions between European settlers and Native American cultures. This quiz covers the foundational elements of kinship, agricultural practices, and the transmission of cultural knowledge through oral traditions. Test your understanding of the diversity and complexity of Indigenous cultures in North America.
