(4.2) REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMANS

Primarily happens at the transcription level, but other levels like post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational are also important.

Genes that are always on; they are essential for basic cellular functions.

Controlling gene expression after transcription; includes mRNA processing, localization, export, import, translation, and protein modification.

Can increase, stay the same, or decrease at various stages (transcription, translation, etc.).

A network of steps, including transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications, regulating gene activity.

Proteins that bind to DNA and control the transcription of specific genes.

Complex systems of interactions between genes and proteins that control cellular processes.

Proteins that bind to DNA and control the rate of transcription of specific genes.

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a DNA template.

Complex systems of interacting genes and proteins that control cellular processes.

Using computers to analyze large datasets of biological information, like gene expression.

Small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression.

Process by which the expression of a gene is controlled.

Specific regions of proteins that bind to target DNA sequences.

Functions performed by a cell in the body

Study of cancer, aimed at finding cures and treatments

RNA is chemically altered in ways, including splicing, in more than 100 ways. These modifications can impact mRNA stability, translation, and the structure of downstream products.

A modified form of uridine, considered a "fifth nucleotide", that can affect mRNA stability and translation efficiency by changing RNA structure.

The ability to chemically modify RNA to alter its lifespan (half-life) or how it impacts translation.

Modifying structural RNA like tRNA affects shape/stability influencing translation efficiency.

Certain DNA modifications (like methylation, acetylation), can be passed down through generations.

The inactive X chromosome may impact gene expression on autosomal chromosomes.

Transcription factors initiate the process of transcription, thereby controlling gene expression.

RNA can be chemically modified in various ways, like pseudo-uridylation and base deamination, affecting its functions, lifespan, and translations.

Operons (gene clusters) are regulated by signals, determining when they're transcribed and translated.

Dysfunction in RNA processing steps, from transcription to translation, can be linked to various human disorders.

A visual representation of regulatory interactions, showing molecules (nodes) and their connections (edges).

Controlling how much mRNA is produced and its ability to be translated.

Controlling how effectively mRNA is translated into proteins.

Small RNA molecules that can block or destroy mRNA, preventing translation.

RNA molecules complementary to a specific mRNA sequence, stopping translation.

The ability of mRNA to be reached by ribosomes for translation.

External factors influence the need for specific proteins, changing translation rates.

Regulation of gene expression where the product of a process limits that process.

The lac operon is turned on only when lactose is present, as it's involved in lactose breakdown. Glucose is a preferred fuel, so sometimes lactose usage is skipped, even if lactose is present.

The presence of glucose, a preferred energy source, can lead to the lac operon staying inactive, even when lactose is present.

The TRP operon is active until sufficient amounts of tryptophan are produced. High tryptophan levels turn off the system, creating a negative feedback loop.

The TRP operon is turned on until enough tryptophan is produced in the cell.

A form of gene regulation that involves the mRNA shape (and its ability to have a certain shape) directly controlling whether it is translated to proteins.

In prokaryotes, transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein) happen in the same location and can be simultaneously influenced by the mRNA shape.

A gene that is always expressed, regardless of the cell's needs.

Multiple genes acting together, controlled by the same regulatory mechanisms.

Region of DNA where regulatory proteins bind, controlling gene expression.

Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

A DNA sequence that interacts with regulatory proteins to control gene expression.

Protein that binds to DNA to regulate gene expression.

A gene whose expression is turned on in response to specific signals.

A gene whose expression is turned off in response to specific signals.

A protein that is inactive on its own, requires a corepressor to bind to DNA.

A specific DNA sequence that regulates iron-dependent gene expression.

A form of transcriptional regulation in which the mRNA structure directly controls translation.

Gene expression can change in response to environmental stimuli.

DNA sequences that RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

DNA sequences that can block or allow RNA polymerase's access to a promoter.

DNA sequences influencing gene expression levels, including enhancers and silencers.

Proteins binding to regulatory elements, affecting transcription rates.

Genes that are consistently expressed regardless of environmental conditions.

Genes whose expression is activated by specific environmental stimuli.

Genes whose expression is inhibited by specific environmental stimuli.

Changes in DNA sequence that may affect gene expression.

The complete sequence of events from DNA to protein production, including multiple stages.

More complex gene regulation in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes, spanning multiple stages beyond transcription.

Gene regulation after transcription, including mRNA processing, localization, and degradation.

Chemical alterations to RNA molecules that impact their stability, function, and regulation.

Gene expression patterns that can be passed down through generations.

Complex systems of interactions where transcription factors and microRNAs work together to control gene expression.