39 Questions
What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
It is RNA that is translated into protein
In bacteria, why can translation of mRNA begin before its transcription is completed?
Bacteria do not have a nuclear envelope
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
Bringing amino acids to the ribosome
What is the main difference in the compartmentalization of transcription and translation between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have spatial separation of transcription and translation due to nuclear envelope
Which RNA molecule is an integral component of the ribosome?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the process referred to as RNA synthesis using DNA as a template?
Transcription
What is the synthesis of protein using the information in the RNA called?
Translation
What is the composition of bacterial RNA polymerase?
Two α subunits, two β subunits, and a σ factor
What is the role of the UP elements in bacterial promoters?
Enhance the efficiency of transcription initiation
What is the function of the σ factor in bacterial RNA polymerase?
Recognize and bind to the promoter sequence
What happens during the termination of bacterial transcription?
RNA polymerase dissociates from DNA, releasing RNA
What is the role of the core enzyme of bacterial RNA polymerase?
Carry out RNA synthesis
What is the function of the transcription bubble in bacterial transcription?
Provides the single-stranded DNA template for RNA synthesis
What is the significance of the consensus sequences in bacterial promoters?
They indicate the general location of the promoter
What enzyme is responsible for reverse transcribing RNA into DNA?
Reverse transcriptase
What is the role of retrotransposons in eukaryotic cells?
Facilitating reverse transcription to move within a genome
What is the function of endonuclease activity in retrotransposon movement?
Cleaving DNA at specific sites
What is the degeneracy of the genetic code?
Each codon specifies multiple amino acids
Which nucleotide is used in mRNA instead of thymine?
Uracil
What can frameshift mutations, caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides, lead to?
A shift in the reading frame
What is the role of alternative splicing in eukaryotic genes?
Generating multiple polypeptides from a single gene
Which RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule that is a precursor for four types of rRNA?
RNA polymerase I
Where is RNA polymerase II found in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleoplasm
Which RNA polymerase synthesizes tRNA and the 5S rRNA?
RNA polymerase III
What is the main function of general transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?
Assisting RNA polymerase binding to promoters
What is the role of proximal and enhancer elements in eukaryotic transcription?
Controlling the efficiency of the promoter
What is the significance of core promoters in eukaryotic transcription?
Initiating transcription
What determines the 3′ end of the transcript in eukaryotic transcription?
RNA cleavage
How many RNA polymerases are there in the eukaryotic nucleus?
Three
In eukaryotic transcription, what is the function of transcription factors?
Regulating RNA polymerase binding to promoters
Which RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule that is a precursor for four types of rRNA?
RNA polymerase I
Where is RNA polymerase II found?
Nucleoplasm
Which RNA polymerase synthesizes tRNA and the 5S rRNA?
RNA polymerase III
What is the smallest set of DNA sequences that initiates transcription called?
Core promoter
Which proteins are always required for RNA polymerase binding to promoters?
General transcription factors
What plays a prominent role in eukaryotic transcription?
Protein-protein interactions
What is more important than termination in determining the 3′ end of the transcript?
RNA cleavage
How many RNA polymerases are there in the eukaryotic nucleus?
Three
What are involved in controlling the efficiency of the promoter?
Proximal and enhancer elements
Study Notes
Eukaryotic Transcription and RNA Polymerases
- Eukaryotic transcription requires additional proteins called transcription factors
- Protein-protein interactions play a prominent role in eukaryotic transcription
- RNA cleavage is more important than termination in determining the 3′ end of the transcript
- There are three RNA polymerases in the eukaryotic nucleus: RNA polymerases I, II, and III
- RNA polymerase I synthesizes an RNA molecule that is a precursor for four types of rRNA
- RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA and is found in nucleoplasm
- RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNA and the 5S rRNA
- Eukaryotic promoters can be grouped into three categories, each for RNA polymerase I, II, and III
- The core promoter is the smallest set of DNA sequences that initiates transcription
- Core promoters are capable of driving only a basal level of transcription
- Proximal and enhancer elements are involved in controlling the efficiency of the promoter
- General transcription factors are always required for RNA polymerase binding to promoters
Test your knowledge of genetic information, transcription, and RNA polymerases with this quiz. Explore topics such as reverse transcription, genetic code, retrotransposons, eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerases, and more. Perfect for biology enthusiasts and students studying molecular genetics and gene expression.
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