Eukaryotic Organisms and Genome Organization

DNA methylation

True (A)

<p>transposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbara McClintock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TATA box (A), Enhancer (C), Promoter (D), Suppressor (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigma factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zymogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes expressed only in muscle cells (B), Genes expressed only in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genomic Imprinting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can move from one location to another within the genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histone acetylation motif (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can increase the rate of transcription of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-Translational regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A. Promoter = 1. A DNA sequence that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase. B. Enhancer = 2. A protein that binds to DNA and can activate or repress gene expression. C. Suppressor = 3. A DNA sequence that can bind to transcription factors to increase the rate of transcription. D. Trans-acting factor = 4. A DNA sequence that can inhibit gene expression. E. Cis-acting element = 5. A DNA sequence located on the same chromosome as the gene that it regulates. F. Trans-acting factor = 6. A protein that interacts with a cis-acting element to regulate gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proteasome breaks down proteins that are no longer needed by the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zymogen activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The TATA box is a binding site for the TATA-binding protein, which helps position RNA polymerase at the start of transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus and mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plants). It is highly compact to fit within the cell.

The complex process of controlling when and how genes are expressed in a eukaryotic cell, from DNA all the way to the final protein product.

Long-term changes in gene expression involving DNA compaction, methylation, and major rearrangements (e.g., transpositions).

Short-term changes in gene expression influenced by transcription factors and cis-acting elements.

Changes in gene expression occurring after transcription, involving mRNA processing (e.g., alternative splicing) and mRNA stability.

Controlling the production of proteins from mRNA. Influenced by hormones, availability of cofactors, and timing.

Changes to proteins after they are made, including degradation, phosphorylation, and activation.

DNA sequences that regulate gene expression, located near the gene they control.

Proteins that bind to regulatory DNA sequences (cis factors) and influence gene expression.

Different cells in the body express different sets of genes, leading to distinct functions.

Gene expression changes over an organism's life cycle, directing cell differentiation and overall development.

Multiple genes working together to achieve a common function.

Process of changing DNA sequence through events such as translocations, deletions and insertions, playing a role in evolution and immune system function.

Segments of DNA that can move to different locations within the genome.

A single gene can produce multiple protein isoforms by different ways to splice RNA.

Varying lifespans of mRNA molecules determine how much protein is produced from a given gene.

Specific hormones activate or deactivate specific gene expression patterns.

Breakdown of proteins by the cell to control protein levels.

Inactive enzyme precursors (zymogens) activated into active forms after undergoing changes.

DNA region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

DNA sequences that increase the rate of transcription initiation.

DNA sequences decreasing the rate of transcription initiation.

A specific DNA sequence often found in eukaryotic promoters that helps positioning RNA polymerase.

Gregor Mendel, considered the father of genetics, conducted experiments with pea plants (Pisum sativum) to understand how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

An allele represents a specific version or form of a gene. For example, the gene for flower color may have an allele for purple flowers and another allele for white flowers.

A character is a general feature or attribute, like flower color. A trait is a specific variation of that character, like purple flowers.

Homozygous means having the same allele on both chromosomes for a particular gene. For example, an individual with two alleles for purple flowers would be homozygous for that trait.

Phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics or trait of an organism, which is determined by its genotype.

It is the genetic makeup of an organism, representing the combination of alleles an individual has for specific genes.

This law states that allele pairs separate during gamete (sperm or egg cell) formation, so each gamete receives only one allele from each pair. This ensures that offspring inherit one allele from each parent.

This law states that the inheritance of one trait is independent of the inheritance of another trait, as long as the genes are on different chromosomes.

A dominant allele will express its trait even if only one copy is present. It masks the effect of the recessive allele.

A recessive allele will only express its trait if two copies of it are present. It is masked by the dominant allele.

A test cross is done to determine an unknown genotype. It involves crossing an individual with an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual.

Codominance occurs when both alleles for a trait are expressed equally in the heterozygous condition, without one dominating the other.

Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygous phenotype is a blend or intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Epistasis is a gene interaction where the expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene at a different locus.

Polygenic inheritance occurs when a trait is controlled by multiple genes, leading to a wide range of phenotypes.

Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene can have multiple effects on different traits.

Environmental factors can influence gene expression and thus affect the phenotype. Example: Nutrition, stress, temperature, etc.

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence.

DNA methylation is a process where methyl groups are added to DNA, often inhibiting gene expression. These changes can be inherited.

Histone acetylation is a process where acetyl groups are added to histone proteins, which makes DNA more accessible for transcription and increases gene expression.

Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but can regulate gene expression. Examples include microRNAs.

The gut microbiome can influence gene expression, potentially impacting health and traits like weight.

Genomic imprinting refers to the phenomenon where the expression of a gene depends on whether it was inherited from the mother or father. This is a type of epigenetic modification that influences gene expression.

Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with each cell division, playing a role in aging.

Blood type is a genetic trait that involves antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group system is an example, with alleles IA, IB, and i.

A universal blood donor has blood type O, meaning they have neither A nor B antigens. Their blood can be safely transfused to most individuals without causing an immune reaction.

A universal blood acceptor has blood type AB, meaning they have both A and B antigens. They can receive blood from anyone, but can only donate to other AB individuals.