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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of introns in eukaryotic genes?
Which of the following best describes the role of introns in eukaryotic genes?
- Sequences responsible for adding a poly-A tail
- Expressed sequences that code for proteins
- Sequences that initiate DNA replication
- Noncoding sequences that interrupt expressed sequences (correct)
RNA splicing involves the addition of introns into the mRNA sequence.
RNA splicing involves the addition of introns into the mRNA sequence.
False (B)
What is the name of expressed sequences present in eukaryotic genes?
What is the name of expressed sequences present in eukaryotic genes?
exons
The complex structure responsible for splicing introns from pre-mRNA is called the ________.
The complex structure responsible for splicing introns from pre-mRNA is called the ________.
Match the following mRNA modifications with their descriptions:
Match the following mRNA modifications with their descriptions:
George Beadle and Edward Tatum's experiment with Neurospora crassa led to which fundamental concept in molecular genetics?
George Beadle and Edward Tatum's experiment with Neurospora crassa led to which fundamental concept in molecular genetics?
If a cell were unable to perform 5' capping during mRNA processing, which of the following consequences would be most likely?
If a cell were unable to perform 5' capping during mRNA processing, which of the following consequences would be most likely?
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously within the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously within the cytoplasm.
Insanely difficult: Considering the role of snRNAs in the spliceosome, propose a specific experimental technique that could be used to identify the precise binding sites of a particular snRNA on a pre-mRNA molecule during splicing. What would be a significant challenge in performing this experiment and how might it be addressed?
Insanely difficult: Considering the role of snRNAs in the spliceosome, propose a specific experimental technique that could be used to identify the precise binding sites of a particular snRNA on a pre-mRNA molecule during splicing. What would be a significant challenge in performing this experiment and how might it be addressed?
In the polypeptide puzzle worksheet, what information is contained in Section A?
In the polypeptide puzzle worksheet, what information is contained in Section A?
In the procedure described, gaps should be left while dividing the mRNA sequence into triplets.
In the procedure described, gaps should be left while dividing the mRNA sequence into triplets.
What is the role of Section B in the polypeptide puzzle worksheet activity?
What is the role of Section B in the polypeptide puzzle worksheet activity?
In the activity, after identifying an amino acid, one should look for the corresponding ______ in Section C.
In the activity, after identifying an amino acid, one should look for the corresponding ______ in Section C.
Match the section of the polypeptide puzzle worksheet with its content:
Match the section of the polypeptide puzzle worksheet with its content:
Suppose a mutation occurs where a single nucleotide in an mRNA triplet is changed, and this altered triplet codes for the same amino acid as the original triplet. What is the most likely outcome?
Suppose a mutation occurs where a single nucleotide in an mRNA triplet is changed, and this altered triplet codes for the same amino acid as the original triplet. What is the most likely outcome?
What is the function of the start codon (AUG) in mRNA translation?
What is the function of the start codon (AUG) in mRNA translation?
Imagine a scenario where, due to a cellular error, a uracil base (U) is mistakenly inserted instead of a guanine base (G) at the beginning of the 10th codon in the provided mRNA sequence. Given the potential repercussions, what is the most likely immediate outcome at the protein level, assuming that the alteration doesn't introduce a premature stop codon?
Imagine a scenario where, due to a cellular error, a uracil base (U) is mistakenly inserted instead of a guanine base (G) at the beginning of the 10th codon in the provided mRNA sequence. Given the potential repercussions, what is the most likely immediate outcome at the protein level, assuming that the alteration doesn't introduce a premature stop codon?
In DNA replication, new nucleotide chains are synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction.
In DNA replication, new nucleotide chains are synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction.
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix at the replication origin?
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix at the replication origin?
Synthesis on the lagging strand occurs in segments called _______ fragments.
Synthesis on the lagging strand occurs in segments called _______ fragments.
A scientist mutates a gene such that the DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) enzyme no longer functions correctly in vivo. Which of these outcomes would you expect?
A scientist mutates a gene such that the DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) enzyme no longer functions correctly in vivo. Which of these outcomes would you expect?
What is the updated version of the 'one gene' concept, considering that some proteins are made of multiple polypeptides?
What is the updated version of the 'one gene' concept, considering that some proteins are made of multiple polypeptides?
The genetic code uses a different set of instructions for each type of living cell during translation.
The genetic code uses a different set of instructions for each type of living cell during translation.
In mRNA, how many nucleotides comprise a codon?
In mRNA, how many nucleotides comprise a codon?
The start codon, ______, signals the initiation of translation.
The start codon, ______, signals the initiation of translation.
Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?
Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?
In an mRNA sequence, a single nucleotide can be part of multiple codons simultaneously.
In an mRNA sequence, a single nucleotide can be part of multiple codons simultaneously.
What catalyzes the reaction that bonds tRNA to the A site during translation?
What catalyzes the reaction that bonds tRNA to the A site during translation?
What does it mean for the genetic code to be 'degenerate'?
What does it mean for the genetic code to be 'degenerate'?
The E site on the ribosome is the entry point for new tRNA molecules carrying amino acids.
The E site on the ribosome is the entry point for new tRNA molecules carrying amino acids.
In what direction is the genetic code read?
In what direction is the genetic code read?
What is the start codon that initiates translation?
What is the start codon that initiates translation?
Besides mRNA, name two other essential molecules required for translation to proceed.
Besides mRNA, name two other essential molecules required for translation to proceed.
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is encountered at the ______ site of the ribosome.
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is encountered at the ______ site of the ribosome.
If a mutation occurred altering a tRNA molecule such that it still binds to its correct amino acid but now recognizes a different codon, what is the most likely outcome?
If a mutation occurred altering a tRNA molecule such that it still binds to its correct amino acid but now recognizes a different codon, what is the most likely outcome?
Match the post-translational modification with its description:
Match the post-translational modification with its description:
What is the role of release factors in translation?
What is the role of release factors in translation?
Post-translational modifications are essential for all polypeptide products to achieve their fully functional state.
Post-translational modifications are essential for all polypeptide products to achieve their fully functional state.
The movement of the ribosome along the mRNA in the 3' direction, leading to the translocation of tRNA molecules, is known as ______.
The movement of the ribosome along the mRNA in the 3' direction, leading to the translocation of tRNA molecules, is known as ______.
What would be the consequence of a DNA replication error that changes a UGA codon to UGG?
What would be the consequence of a DNA replication error that changes a UGA codon to UGG?
Flashcards
mRNA sequence
mRNA sequence
A sequence of nucleotides that encodes genetic information for protein synthesis.
Triplet
Triplet
A group of three nucleotides on the mRNA that corresponds to one amino acid.
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins; correspond to mRNA triplets.
Decoding the message
Decoding the message
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Mutation effect
Mutation effect
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Comparison with a partner
Comparison with a partner
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Guide questions
Guide questions
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Start Codon
Start Codon
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Stop Codon
Stop Codon
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Replication Fork
Replication Fork
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Okazaki Fragments
Okazaki Fragments
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Leading Strand
Leading Strand
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Exons
Exons
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Introns
Introns
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RNA splicing
RNA splicing
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5’ capping
5’ capping
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Poly-A tail
Poly-A tail
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Spliceosome
Spliceosome
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snRNAs
snRNAs
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Translation
Translation
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One Gene-One Enzyme
One Gene-One Enzyme
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One Gene-One Polypeptide Concept
One Gene-One Polypeptide Concept
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mRNA
mRNA
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Codons
Codons
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Nonoverlapping Code
Nonoverlapping Code
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Comma-less Code
Comma-less Code
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Degeneracy
Degeneracy
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Unambiguity
Unambiguity
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Near Universal Code
Near Universal Code
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Peptidyl Transferase
Peptidyl Transferase
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Ribosome
Ribosome
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A Site
A Site
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P Site
P Site
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E Site
E Site
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Release Factors
Release Factors
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Post-Translational Modifications
Post-Translational Modifications
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Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
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Study Notes
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
- DNA replication is a critical process for cell division, ensuring daughter cells receive complete genetic material.
- Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
- DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
- DNA replication proceeds in both directions from the origin of replication, forming replication forks.
- DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis during elongation. Synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.
- The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments (Okazaki fragments).
- DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides.
- DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together.
- Proofreading mechanisms exist to ensure high accuracy in DNA replication.
- Mismatch repair corrects errors that escape proofreading.
Types of RNA
- There are five types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA.
- mRNA carries the genetic code for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes.
- tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the mRNA codons.
- rRNA forms the structural and functional component of ribosomes.
- snRNA and snoRNA are involved in mRNA processing, including splicing.
Transcription
- Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template (a gene).
- The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA molecule in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
- RNA polymerase binds a specific sequence in the DNA called a promoter.
- The promoter sequence signals the start of a gene.
- During transcription, the non-template DNA strand is copied, creating an mRNA molecule.
Translation
- Translation is the synthesis of proteins from an mRNA template.
- Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for translation.
- Amino acids corresponding to each codon are added to the growing polypeptide chain, based on the mRNA sequence.
- The ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading codons and adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
- Translation ends when a stop codon is encountered.
Post-translational Modifications
- Polypeptides undergo various modifications (e.g., methylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation) after being synthesized.
- These modifications can alter the structure and function of the protein.
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Description
Explore the role of introns in eukaryotic genes and the process of mRNA splicing. Test your knowledge on mRNA modifications, the function of snRNAs, and the consequences of impaired mRNA processing. Learn about gene expression.
