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Questions and Answers
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
More advanced, complex, more similar to animals than bacteria and viruses.
Which of the following are types of eukaryotic organisms?
Which of the following are types of eukaryotic organisms?
- Fungi (correct)
- Bacteria
- Protozoa (correct)
- Viruses
What type of environment do fungi require?
What type of environment do fungi require?
- Warm and moist (correct)
- Cool and dry
- Hot and dry
- Cold and dry
Tinea pedis is also known as athlete's foot.
Tinea pedis is also known as athlete's foot.
What is Candida albicans commonly known for?
What is Candida albicans commonly known for?
What does the definitive host refer to in parasitic relationships?
What does the definitive host refer to in parasitic relationships?
Which phylum causes malaria?
Which phylum causes malaria?
Match the following fungal infections with their descriptions:
Match the following fungal infections with their descriptions:
What is the main cause of morbidity and mortality associated with eukaryotes?
What is the main cause of morbidity and mortality associated with eukaryotes?
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Study Notes
Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotes are complex, advanced organisms, more similar to animals than to bacteria or viruses.
- They are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.
Fungi
- Fungi are larger and more complex than bacteria, obtaining energy through heterotrophic absorption.
- They can be filamentous (moulds) or unicellular (yeasts), both potentially causing severe diseases.
- Fungi are found in warm, moist, organic-rich environments and comprise normal flora in low numbers.
- Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are derived from fungi.
Superficial Fungal Infections
- Tinea versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur: Results in patchy discoloration in tropical climates, exacerbated by sweat and moisture.
- Tinea imbricata caused by Trichophyton concentricum: Notable among malnourished children in Papua New Guinea, presents concentric circle patterns.
Cutaneous Fungal Infections
- Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot): Caused by Epidermophyton spp, leading to dry, scaly lesions, often with secondary infections.
- Tinea corporis (ringworm): Caused by Trichophyton spp, characterized by raised annular lesions; affects immunocompromised individuals.
- Candidiasis: Caused by Candida albicans, affects mucous membranes (thrush) and can lead to secondary skin infections.
Systemic Fungal Infections
- Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans: Often fatal (90%); chronic disease linked to eucalyptus trees and pigeon droppings, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals.
Fungal Infection Control Strategies
- Maintain hygiene, wear open shoes, and promote overall health through diet and lifestyle modifications to reduce fungal infections.
Parasites
- Parasites live at the expense of hosts, with complex life cycles involving definitive hosts (sexual reproduction) and intermediate hosts (development).
- Vectors, often insects, help disperse parasites among host populations.
Eukaryotic Parasites
-
Protozoa: Various phyla including Sarcomastigophora (amoebae and flagellates), Ciliophora (ciliates), Apicomplexa (mostly non-motile), and Microspora (intracellular parasites).
-
Helminths: Includes multiple phyla:
- Phylum Aschelminthes: Nematodes (roundworms)
- Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms, including trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms).
- Other phyla encompass marine and insect-inhabiting species.
Malaria and Eukaryotic Parasites
- Plasmodium spp.: Causes malaria; requires Anopheles mosquito for transmission and reproduction.
- Malaria leads to red blood cell destruction, causing anemia and potential microcirculation occlusion, which can be fatal if blood flow to the brain is impaired.
- Understanding the life cycle of malaria is critical for effective control and prevention strategies.
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