Botany • ch2 • mitosis

Mitosis

• Mitosis is the process of cell division in which both the nucleus and chromosomes divide once.
• Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis.
• Mitosis is called equational division because it results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
• The nucleus becomes larger during interphase before mitosis begins.
• Chromosomes become shorter and thicker during prophase.
• Spindle fibers are formed from the centrioles in animal cells, not plant cells. During this process, the centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell, forming spindle poles.
• The nuclear envelope completely disappears during prophase of mitosis.
• Traction fibers are spindle fibers that attach to the centromeres of chromosomes during mitosis and pull them apart.
• The arrangement of chromosomes at the equator of the spindle apparatus in metaphase is called the metaphase plate.
• Chromosomes become thickest, shortest, and clearly visible during metaphase.
• ** Hydration of chromosomes** occurs during telophase.
• Clathrin and dynamin are proteins responsible for the formation of grooves in the plasma membrane during cytokinesis.
• Coenocytic cells have multiple nuclei but lack cell walls, while plasmodium cells are single-celled organisms with multiple nuclei.
• Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to different parts of the body.
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a natural process that eliminates unwanted cells without causing inflammation.
• Chromosomal dance is seen during anaphase of mitosis.
• Telophase is the phase of mitosis where each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome.
• Mitotic index is the ratio of cells in mitosis to the total number of cells in a tissue.
• Papillomavirus causes tumors.
• E6 and E7 genes of papillomavirus are responsible for causing cancer. They interfere with the cell cycle regulation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.