Eukaryotic Cell Division

Cell division process in organisms with a nucleus, including mitosis (non-reduction) and meiosis (reduction).

Eukaryotic cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Eukaryotic cell division that produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The phase of the cell cycle where a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis or meiosis.

Meiosis in animals and some other organisms producing gametes (sex cells).

Meiosis in plants that produces spores, which germinate into the haploid phase.

In mitosis metaphase, chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, before sister chromatids separate.

Pairs of chromosomes align before separation in meiosis I; one from each parent.

This checkpoint ensures the cell has grown sufficiently and that DNA replication is complete before proceeding to mitosis or meiosis.

This checkpoint verifies that chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers and aligned at the metaphase plate.

The stage of interphase where the cell replicates its DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

Enzymes that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating or inhibiting proteins involved in specific stages.

A protein that binds to CDKs, regulating their activity and thus influencing the cell cycle.

The most important checkpoint, deciding whether the cell proceeds into DNA replication (S phase) or exits the cell cycle.

The first stage of cell division where the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

Long strands of chromatin condense into shorter, thicker, visible structures called chromosomes, visible under a microscope.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, creating genetic diversity.

The stage following prophase where the nuclear envelope breaks down completely, allowing spindle fibers to attach to chromosomes.

The imaginary line along the middle of the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase, equidistant from both spindle poles.

The stage where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers, moving towards opposite poles of the cell.

The final stage of cell division where a new nuclear envelope forms around the separated chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and cytokinesis begins.

The division of the cytoplasm after mitosis or meiosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

A protein complex that triggers the breakdown of proteins involved in the metaphase-anaphase transition, initiating the separation of chromosomes.

Cell division where daughter cells inherit different amounts of fate-determining molecules, leading to different cell fates.

The process of cell division in animals involves a contractile ring that pinches off the cell membrane, creating two daughter cells.

Cell division in plants uses a cell plate that forms a new cell wall between daughter cells.

In fission yeast, cytokinesis occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

He identified the first cell division in plants in the 1830s and described its process in simple aquatic plants.

In 1835, this German botanist provided a detailed description of cell division in algae.

He confirmed the mechanism of cell division at plant root tips in 1838.

He discovered animal cell division in chicken embryos in 1841, later confirming it in various animals.

Kurt Michel successfully filmed cell division in 1943 using a phase-contrast microscope.

A microscope that enhances the contrast between different parts of a transparent specimen, allowing for better visualization of cells.