Eukaryotic Cell Compartmentalization

The division of a cell into compartments surrounded by membranes. This allows for specialized functions to occur within each compartment and minimizes competing reactions.

A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, responsible for synthesizing proteins. Ribosomes are essential for cell function.

Ribosomes are composed of two parts: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. They are found in all organisms.

A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that folds and modifies new proteins, transports materials, and synthesizes lipids.

A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells, involved in the packaging, modification, and sorting of newly synthesized proteins. It functions as the 'shipping center' of the cell.

The process by which once free-living prokaryotic cells were engulfed and incorporated into eukaryotic cells. This led to the evolution of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells. This explains why these organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane-bound organelles, but have internal regions with specialized structures. Eukaryotic cells have an internal membrane system that partitions the cell into specialized regions.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, aided by membrane proteins.

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that allow specific molecules or ions to pass through.

Channel proteins specifically designed to transport water molecules across cell membranes.

The difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane, created by the movement of ions.

A type of active transport that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, using energy from ATP.

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing enzymes for intracellular digestion, recycling, and programmed cell death.

Large, membrane-bound sacs with diverse functions, including storage and release of molecules, and water retention for turgor pressure in plants.

The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume, affecting its ability to exchange materials with its environment.

Specialized structures that increase surface area for efficient exchange of materials with the environment. Examples include root hairs, guard cells, and gut epithelial cells.

The structural framework of the cell membrane, composed of phospholipids, embedded proteins, steroids, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, requiring no energy input.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy input.

The process by which cells take in large molecules by engulfing them in vesicles.

The process by which cells release large molecules by enclosing them in vesicles and fusing with the cell membrane.

The ability of a membrane to allow some substances to pass through while blocking others.

A condition where the concentration of solutes outside a cell is higher than inside, causing water to move out of the cell.

A condition where the concentration of solutes outside a cell is lower than inside, causing water to move into the cell.

A condition where the concentration of solutes outside a cell is equal to inside, resulting in no net movement of water.

The process by which organisms maintain water balance and control their internal solute concentration.

The rigid outer layer of plant cells, composed of complex carbohydrates, providing structural support and regulating permeability.