Euglenozoa: Characteristics and Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic feature of Euglenozoa?

  • Cellulose plates reinforcing the cell
  • Spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella (correct)
  • Single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA
  • Membrane-bounded sacs under the plasma membrane

    • Dinoflagellates are always phototrophic.

    False

    The alveolates include Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and _________.

    Ciliates

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Kinetoplastids?

    <p>A single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following alveolates with their characteristics:

    <p>Dinoflagellates = Two flagella and cellulose plates Apicomplexans = Unknown function Ciliates = Abundant components of phytoplankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stramenopiles are a subgroup of Alveolata.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by a pathogenic trypanosome?

    <p>Chagas' disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pseudopodia in radiolarians?

    <p>To engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foraminiferans, or forams, have endosymbiotic algae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the accessory pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll in red algae?

    <p>Phycoerythrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants is called _______________.

    <p>Archaeplastida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Radiolarians = Delicate tests made of silica Foraminiferans = Porous, multichambered shells Red Algae = Reddish in color due to phycoerythrin Green Algae = Grass-green chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and some protists?

    <p>Unikonta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slime molds, or mycetozoans, are a type of fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which radiolarians engulf microorganisms?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Apicomplexans?

    <p>They are parasites of animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliates reproduce by conjugation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the wall of diatoms?

    <p>It is made of hydrated silica and is two-part and glass-like.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apicomplexans have a complex of organelles at one end, known as the ______________________, which is specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues.

    <p>apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the parasite that causes malaria?

    <p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of protists with their characteristic feature:

    <p>Apicomplexans = Have a complex of organelles at one end Ciliates = Use cilia to move and feed Stramenopiles = Have a 'hairy' flagellum paired with a 'smooth' flagellum Diatoms = Have a glass-like wall of hydrated silica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stramenopiles are only phototrophs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to many dead diatoms after a bloom?

    <p>They fall to the ocean floor undecomposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of protists?

    <p>They are eukaryotic and exhibit variety in shape, patterns, and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protists are autotrophic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endosymbiosis?

    <p>The process by which one organism engulfs and incorporates another, often leading to the formation of new organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protists are classified into four supergroups: _______________, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Opisthokonta.

    <p>Excavata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of nutrition for some protists?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct type of protist:

    <p>Multicellular = Kelp Unicellular = Euglena Colony-forming = Some protists Exhibits alternation of generations = Kelp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protists reproduce sexually.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mixotrophy?

    <p>The ability to switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the cytoskeleton of Excavates?

    <p>A groove on one side, giving it an excavated appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diplomonaads are always parasites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the by-product of the metabolic pathways of Parabasalids?

    <p>hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglenozoa have a kinetic plastid, which is a single large _______________ with a large mass of DNA.

    <p>mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of nutrition of Neuglenida?

    <p>Mixotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excavates have modified mitochondria called microsomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following subgroups of Excavates with their characteristics:

    <p>Diplomonaads = Have modified mitochondria called microsomes Parabasalids = Produce hydrogen gas as a by-product of their metabolic pathways Euglenozoa = Have a rod-shaped structure within their flagella Neuglenida = Are mixotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Neuglenida?

    <p>Euglena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of Alveolates?

    <p>Presence of membrane-bound air pockets called alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinoflagellates are always parasitic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the cell wall of diatoms?

    <p>The cell wall is made of hydrated silicon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apicomplexans are responsible for diseases such as ______________________, which affects millions of people worldwide.

    <p>malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Stramenopiles with their characteristics:

    <p>Diatoms = Single-celled organisms with a frustule made of hydrated silicon dioxide Golden Algae = Flagellated and mixotrophic Brown Algae = Multicellular organisms with a brown pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Ciliates?

    <p>Presence of rows of cilia on their cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stramenopiles are only phototrophs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the life cycle of Brown Algae?

    <p>Alternation of generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Golden Algae are characterized by the presence of a ______________________ pigment that gives them their yellowish color.

    <p>golden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the subgroup that consists of Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizaria?

    <p>SAR clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of brown algae?

    <p>They have structures that resemble those found in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Red algae appear blue due to the presence of phycoerythrin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the holdfast in brown algae?

    <p>The primary function of the holdfast is to anchor the algae to rocks or substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The life cycle of brown algae involves an alternation of _______________________ generations.

    <p>diploid and haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of algae with their characteristics:

    <p>Red Algae = Abundance of phycoerythrin Green Algae = Mostly multicellular and live in freshwater or ocean Brown Algae = Multicellular with structures that resemble plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stramenopiles are a group that includes red and green algae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the supergroup that includes red and green algae?

    <p>RK Plastid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The life cycle of brown algae involves the production of _______________________ through meiosis.

    <p>spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pseudopodia in amoeboid protists?

    <p>Locomotion and capturing prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All amoeboid protists are Autotrophic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of slime molds?

    <p>Slime molds have a mesh-like network of cytoplasm and nuclei, and can form a sporangium when conditions become unfavorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uniconta includes amoeboid protists, animals, and _______________.

    <p>fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following amoeboid protists with their characteristics:

    <p>Radial Ariens = Have tests made of silica. Foramenifera = Have tests made of calcium carbonate. Tubulinians = Move using cytoplasmic streaming. Slime Molds = Have a mesh-like network of cytoplasm and nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some Foramenifera have endosymbiotic algae that help with obtaining sugar through photosynthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Amoebic dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the supergroup that includes amoeboid protists, animals, and fungi?

    <p>Uniconta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Apicomplexans

    • Apicomplexans are parasites of animals, causing serious human diseases.
    • They spread through their host as infectious cells called sporozoites.
    • The apex of apicomplexans contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues.
    • Most apicomplexans have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion.
    • Plasmodium, an apicomplexan, causes malaria, requiring both mosquitoes and humans to complete its life cycle.
    • Approximately 900,000 people die each year from malaria, and efforts are ongoing to develop vaccines that target this pathogen.

    Ciliates

    • Ciliates are a large, varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed.
    • They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei.
    • Genetic variation results from conjugation, a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei, separate from reproduction, which occurs by binary fission.

    Stramenopila

    • Stramenopila is a subgroup that includes important phototrophs and several clades of heterotrophs.
    • Most stramenopiles have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum.
    • Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes.

    Diatoms

    • Diatoms are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica.
    • Diatoms are a major component of phytoplankton and are highly diverse.
    • Fossilized diatom walls compose much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth.
    • After a diatom population has bloomed, many dead individuals fall to the ocean floor undecomposed.
    • Reproduction is mainly asexual.

    Euglenozoa

    • Euglenozoa is a diverse clade that includes euglenids and kinetoplastids.
    • Some euglenozoans are predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and parasites.
    • The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella.
    • Euglenids have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.

    Kinetoplastids

    • Kinetoplastids have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.
    • They include free-living consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems.
    • This group includes Trypanosoma gambiense, which causes sleeping sickness in humans, and another pathogenic trypanosome that causes Chagas’ disease leading to congestive heart failure.

    SAR

    • The supergroup SAR is thought to be monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event with a red alga as the proposed endosymbiont.
    • This clade includes the alveolates and the stramenopiles.

    Alveolata

    • Alveolates have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane, with unknown function.
    • The alveolates include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

    Dinoflagellates

    • Dinoflagellates have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates.
    • They are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton.
    • They are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs.
    • Toxic “red tides” are caused by dinoflagellate blooms.

    Marine Protists

    • Radiolarians have tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica.
    • Radiolarians use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis.
    • The pseudopodia of radiolarians radiate from the central body.

    Foraminiferans

    • Foraminiferans, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests.
    • Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test.
    • Foram tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record.
    • Many forams have endosymbiotic algae.

    Archaeplastida

    • Archaeplastida is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

    Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

    • Red algae are reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin.
    • The color varies from greenish-red in shallow water to dark red or almost black in deep water.
    • Red algae are usually multicellular; the largest are seaweeds.
    • Red algae are the most abundant large algae in coastal waters of the tropics.

    Green Algae

    • Green algae are named for their grass-green chloroplasts.
    • Plants are descended from the green algae.
    • Green algae are a paraphyletic group.
    • The two main groups are chlorophytes and charophytes, the most closely related to land plants.
    • Most chlorophytes live in fresh water, although many are marine.

    Unikonta

    • The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists.
    • This group includes the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related protists).
    • The root of the eukaryotic tree remains controversial.

    Definition and Diversity of Protists

    • Eukaryotic organisms with variety in shape, patterns, and organelles
    • Exhibit diversity in shape, patterns, and organelles

    History of Protist Classification

    • Originally classified as a "dump bin" for organisms that didn't fit into other categories
    • Kingdom Protista dismantled in the 1990s and replaced with four supergroups of protists

    Characteristics of Protists

    • Most are unicellular and eukaryotic, but some are multicellular (e.g., kelp)
    • Some live in colonies, but cells don't show the same level of interaction as tissue cells
    • Exhibit diversity in subcellular structures (organelles) used for survival

    Nutrition and Metabolism

    • Some are photoautotrophs, using photosynthesis to produce their own food
    • Others are heterotrophic, obtaining energy by ingesting or absorbing nutrients
    • Some can switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism (mixotrophy)
    • Examples of mixotrophs include Euglena, which have chloroplasts for photosynthesis and can also engulf other cells

    Reproduction and Life Cycles

    • Some reproduce asexually, while others use meiosis to produce nuclei for sexual reproduction and fertilization
    • Some exhibit alternation of generations, with two distinct generations needed to complete one life cycle
    • Examples include kelp, which exhibits alternation of generations

    Symbiosis and Endosymbiosis

    • Endosymbiosis is the process by which one organism engulfs and incorporates another, often leading to the formation of new organelles
    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis

    Classification of Protists

    • Classified into four supergroups: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Opisthokonta
    • Each supergroup has a hypothesized common ancestor, and the phylogenetic tree demonstrates that protists are polyphyletic (multiple ancestors)

    Protist Super Groups

    • Protists are divided into five super groups based on morphological and DNA data.

    Eska Bates (Excavates)

    • Characterized by unique cytoskeletons with a groove on one side, giving an excavated appearance.
    • Have modified mitochondria and flagella that differ from other organisms.

    Subgroups of Excavates

    Diplomonaads

    • Have modified mitochondria called microsomes, lacking an electron transport chain.
    • Use anaerobic pathways to generate energy and have two nuclei.
    • Often parasitic, with examples including Giardia lamblia, which causes hiker sickness.

    Parabasalids

    • Have a reduced number of mitochondria and are anaerobic.
    • Produce hydrogen gas as a by-product of their metabolic pathways.
    • Examples include Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted disease.

    Euglenozoa

    • Have a rod-shaped structure within their flagella.
    • Possess a kinetic plastid, a single large mitochondrion with a large mass of DNA.
    • Can be free-living or parasitic, with examples including Trypanosoma, which causes African sleeping sickness.

    Neuglenida

    • Have a pocket at one end of their flagella.
    • Are mixotrophic, able to undergo photosynthesis or ingest other organisms to obtain energy.
    • Examples include Euglena, a common microscopic organism found in pond water.

    SAR Clade

    • Consists of three monophyletic subgroups: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizaria
    • Developed from an endosymbiont, a form of red alga consumed by a heterotrophic eukaryote

    Alveolates

    • Characterized by membrane-bound air pockets called alveoli
    • Alveoli are similar in composition to respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Examples include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

    Dinoflagellates

    • Photoautotrophic and heterotrophic, producing food through photosynthesis and consuming other organisms
    • Have two flagella, one at the terminal end and one around the central groove
    • Can cause red tides, producing toxins that harm marine life
    • Can cause severe gastrointestinal poisoning in humans who consume contaminated shellfish

    Apicomplexans

    • Parasitic, infecting a wide range of hosts, including mosquitoes and humans
    • Have a complex life cycle involving multiple hosts and developmental stages
    • Responsible for diseases such as malaria, affecting millions worldwide
    • Have a "bait and switch" strategy, changing surface proteins to evade the host's immune system

    Ciliates

    • Characterized by rows of cilia on their cell surface
    • Capable of sexual and asexual reproduction
    • Have a complex life cycle involving conjugation, where two individuals exchange genetic material
    • Important part of aquatic ecosystems, serving as predators and prey

    Stramenopiles

    • Diverse group including diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes
    • Characterized by a hairy flagellum and a smooth flagellum
    • Range of nutritional strategies, including photoautotrophy and heterotrophy
    • Examples include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

    Diatoms

    • Single-celled organisms found in freshwater and marine environments
    • Important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
    • Have a unique cell wall called a frustule, made of hydrated silicon dioxide
    • Reproduce through binary fission and serve as a food source for many aquatic organisms

    Golden Algae

    • Characterized by a golden pigment, giving them a yellowish color
    • Typically flagellated and mixotrophic, switching between autotrophy and heterotrophy
    • Often colonial and found in freshwater and marine environments
    • Play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, serving as producers and decomposers

    Brown Algae

    • Multicellular organisms found in marine environments
    • Characterized by a brown pigment and a range of forms, from simple filaments to complex kelps
    • Important part of marine ecosystems, providing food and habitat for many organisms
    • Have a unique life cycle involving alternation of generations, where a diploid sporophyte generation produces haploid gametophytes through meiosis

    Brown Algae

    • Multicellular organisms with plant-like structures (holdfast, stipe, blades)
    • Holdfast anchors algae to rocks/substrate, but doesn't absorb nutrients; surfaces absorb nutrients directly
    • Life cycle involves alternation of generations: sporophyte (diploid) → spores → gametophyte (haploid) → gametes → fertilization → new sporophyte
    • Examples: Sargasso, kelp

    Alternation of Generations

    • Life cycle where diploid and haploid generations alternate
    • Sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis; spores develop into gametophyte generation
    • Gametophyte generation produces gametes; fertilization produces new sporophyte generation

    Red Algae

    • Characterized by abundance of phycoerythrin, making them appear red, bluish, purple, or green
    • Edible varieties used in sushi, e.g., nori
    • Examples: nori, other edible types

    Green Algae

    • Mostly multicellular; live in freshwater (filamentous algae) or ocean (e.g., sea lettuce)
    • Important contributors to aquatic food chain
    • Examples: spirogyra, volvox, sea lettuce, caulerpa

    Other Details

    • Stramenopiles: group including brown algae, characterized by two flagella (smooth and hairy)
    • RK Plastid: supergroup including red and green algae, indicating ancient origins and presence of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

    Amoeboid Protists

    • Amoeboid protists move using pseudopodia, thin extensions of the cytoplasm used for locomotion and capturing prey
    • Classified into two groups: Ryze area and Uniconta

    Characteristics of Ryze Area

    • A subgroup of SAR (Supergroup)
    • Includes Radial Ariens and Foramenifera
    • Radial Ariens:
      • Have tests made of silica (similar to glass)
      • Tests have beautiful patterns and shapes
      • Pseudopodia used for locomotion and capturing prey
    • Foramenifera:
      • Have tests made of calcium carbonate
      • Tests have perforations (little tiny holes) for pseudopodia to emerge
      • Some have endosymbiotic algae that help with obtaining sugar through photosynthesis

    Uniconta Characteristics

    • Includes amoeboid protists, animals, and fungi
    • A controversial group, with scientists unsure of the common ancestor
    • Molecular similarities, such as similarities in protein and DNA structure, unite the group
    • Amoeboid protists in Uniconta include slime molds and tubulinians

    Slime Molds

    • Also known as cellular slime molds
    • Characteristics:
      • Made up of many cells without plasma membranes dividing them
      • Have a mesh-like network of cytoplasm and nuclei
      • Can form a sporangium (reproductive structure) when conditions become unfavorable
      • Spores undergo meiosis and germinate into haploid amoeba cells
    • Form multicellular aggregates, migrate and feed, eventually forming a fruiting body that releases spores
    • Examples include Dictyostelium

    Tubulinians

    • Formerly known as Gemmyna, move using cytoplasmic streaming
    • Characteristics:
      • Have a lobe-like type of pseudopodium
      • Heterotrophic, feeding on other protists, algae, and bacteria
      • Not typically known to be parasites, but some amoebas can be severe parasites that can cause deadly diseases
      • Examples include Entamoeba histolytica, known for causing gastrointestinal disease

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