Understanding History: Definitions and Concepts
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According to Dizon et.al (2011) and Perry (1999), one reason to study history is to understand the ______, as traditions, systems of government, and cultural heritage are products of it.

present

[Blank] is the discipline that studies the chronological order of events affecting a nation or people, based on source materials and explaining their causes.

History

The study of change over time covering political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious, and military developments is known as ______.

History

A key feature of the traditional understanding of history is an emphasis on ______ and military history, highlighting wars, revolutions, and the actions of political leaders.

<p>political</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike the Past, which involves everything that happened, ______ consists of interpreted events, records, and evidence from the past analyzed thoughtfully.

<p>History</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'search for knowledge and truth' is intergrated into a narrative and description of past events written in a spirt of critical inquiry, is refered to as ______.

<p>history</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is the study of sources, methods, and assumptions used by historians when writing history.

<p>Historiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traditional history sometimes presents ______ perspectives, neglecting experiences and contributions of marginalized groups such as women, minorities, and indigenous peoples.

<p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] history focuses on understanding the experiences and daily lives of everyday people and how historical occurrences affect various societal groups.

<p>Social</p> Signup and view all the answers

By utilizing ______ archives, historians can access a wide array of information to conduct research and analysis.

<p>digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evaluation of how human actions affect ecosystems and how nature, in turn, influences human history falls under the scope of ______ history.

<p>environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studying history helps us develop ______ thinking skills, enabling a deeper understanding of our identity.

<p>critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Studying history is essential for engaging citizens which in turn impacts the heart of ______.

<p>democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

A document or account crafted by someone who directly witnessed or was involved in an event is known as a ______ source.

<p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] history explores how cultural elements like art and literature both influence and are influenced by historical contexts.

<p>Cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conventional method in historical research places significant emphasis on ______ records as main sources of information.

<p>written</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] criticism deals with the reliability of the source, examining its authenticity and the author's intentions.

<p>External</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] criticism involves scrutinizing the content of a historical source for accuracy and consistency.

<p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] sources provide first-hand experience or eyewitness testimonies of events.

<p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Filipino concept of history, kasaysayan refers to a '______' story.

<p>significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] like diaries, fossils, and artifacts are considered primary sources because they offer direct insights without interpretation.

<p>Documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest-known ______ calendar-dated document found in the Philippines.

<p>extant</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] history relies on rituals, chants, and folk tales, which can be subject to inaccuracies due to memory lapses.

<p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike primary sources, ______ sources offer interpretations and analyses of primary sources by experts and professionals.

<p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angono Petroglyphs feature 127 human and animal figures engraved into a ______.

<p>rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Textbooks, academic journals, and documentaries generally fall under the category of ______ sources.

<p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Spanish Colonial Period, ______ played a significant role in shaping Philippine history.

<p>religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating the validity and credibility of historical resources, one should consider how soon the author was able to gather the ______ of the event

<p>details</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Regime in the Philippines placed a strong emphasis on education and government.

<p>American</p> Signup and view all the answers

To assess the credibility of a source, determine if the author based their conclusions on a single source or multiple sources of ______.

<p>evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In historical research, the ______ and validity of a primary source are of utmost importance when determining its usefulness.

<p>reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifying whether available historical sources are primary or ______ is a crucial first step in conducting historical research.

<p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

History

The study of past events, covering all aspects of human society.

Purpose of Studying History

To learn about our past, understand the present, and appreciate our heritage.

Past vs. History

Past includes everything that happened; History interprets events meaningfully.

Historicity

The process of separating fact from legend in historical events.

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Historiography

The study of sources, methods, and assumptions used by historians.

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Chronological Approach

A method that organizes events in the order they occurred.

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Political and Military History

Focus on wars, revolutions, and leaders' actions in history.

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Limited Perspectives in History

Neglect of marginalized groups' contributions and experiences.

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Reliance on Written Records

The traditional approach to history focusing on documented sources.

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Social History

The study of ordinary people's lives and their experiences.

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Cultural History

Exploration of how culture influences and is influenced by history.

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Digital History

Use of digital tools and archives to analyze historical data.

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Environmental History

Study of the impact of human activities on ecosystems and vice versa.

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Primary Sources

Original materials from someone who experienced an event.

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Secondary Sources

Analysis or interpretation of primary sources or events.

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Importance of Studying History

History aids in understanding identity, community, and future.

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Kasaysayan

The Filipino term for history, meaning 'significant stories.'

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Oral History

Stories passed down orally through traditions like songs and rituals.

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Negatives of Oral History

Potential inaccuracies, bias, and embellishment in narrative retelling.

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Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The earliest known written document in the Philippines, dated by a calendar.

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Angono Petroglyphs

Ancient cave carvings with 127 figures of humans and animals.

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Baybayin

An ancient Filipino script used on palm leaves and bamboo.

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Pre-Hispanic Period

The time before Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

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Spanish Colonial Period

The era when Spain controlled the Philippines, affecting religion and culture.

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Examples of Primary Sources

Diaries, fossils, artifacts, newspapers, and video footage.

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Examples of Secondary Sources

Textbooks, journals, documentaries, and scholarly articles.

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Evaluating Primary Sources

Assessing reliability based on the author's experience and the timeliness of the account.

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Source Credibility Questions

Questions to assess the validity of a source: author knowledge, information origins, and depth of evidence.

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Eyewitness Testimonies

First-hand accounts of an event by those who experienced it.

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Importance of Source Identification

Determining if sources are primary or secondary is crucial in historical research.

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Study Notes

Defining History

  • History is the search for knowledge and truth, encompassing a detailed narrative of past events.
  • It's based on a critical examination of facts and events, aiming to present a complete understanding of the past.

Aspects of History

  • History explores all aspects of human society, including political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious, and military developments.
  • It examines how these aspects have changed over time.

History as a Discipline

  • History is the study of the chronological order of past events, with a focus on their causes.
  • This discipline relies on the critical examination of historical sources.

Why Study History

  • Studying history allows a deeper understanding of the past, revealing the struggles and achievements of ancestors.
  • It helps us understand the present by focusing on the traditions, government structures, cultural heritage, and other aspects formed by past events.
  • Understanding the past helps appreciate cultural values and material culture.

Past vs. History

  • Past refers to all events that have occurred throughout time.
  • History is an interpretation of past events and associated records and evidence, involving a structured analysis.

History, Historiography, and Historicity

  • History is the study of the past.
  • Historiography is the study of historical sources, methods, and assumptions used to write history.
  • Historicity is the process of separating historical fact from legend.

Traditional Understanding of History

  • Employs a chronological approach to show the evolution of societies and civilizations.
  • Centers often focus on political and military history, emphasizing the impact of power structures.
  • Traditionally, historical accounts may overlook the viewpoints of marginalized groups.
  • Major reliance on written primary historical sources limits the understanding of the past.

Modern Understanding of History

  • Explores the lives of ordinary people through social history.
  • Cultural history analyzes how culture shapes and is shaped by historical contexts.
  • Digital history leverages digital tools to analyze large amounts of information.
  • Environmental history encompasses the impact of human activities on ecosystems and the reciprocal influence of nature on human history.

Importance of Philippine History

  • The ancient Filipino concept of history is "kasaysayan," signifying "significant stories".
  • These stories are passed down through rituals, songs, genealogies, and folklore.
  • Oral history provides insights into traditions, but this form of history can be inaccurate due to memory lapses or potential embellishments.

Importance of Philippine Written History

  • Earliest Philippine written history comes from the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, an extant, calendar-dated document.
  • Cave carvings, such as the Angono Petroglyphs, are archaeological sources.

Philippine History Outline

  • Philippine history is divided into periods: Pre-Hispanic (Indigenous Filipino), Spanish Colonial, American Regime, Japanese Occupation, and Contemporary (post-WWII).

Peer-to-Peer Activity: Detective Work

  • Students work in pairs investigating topics in Philippine history through primary and secondary sources.
  • Specific topics for research are provided, requiring analysis and critical thinking skills.
  • A clear format is mandated for presentation.

Evaluating Historical Sources

  • To assess the credibility and validity of historical sources, it's important to consider:
    • the author's knowledge of the event
    • whether the author witnessed the event
    • how soon after the event the source was created
    • where the information originated
    • whether the author relied on multiple sources.

Internal and External Criticism

  • Internal criticism assesses the reliability of a source based on its content and purpose.
  • External criticism checks the authenticity of a source focusing on the physical aspects and the material.

Additional Considerations

  • Evaluating historical sources is crucial for accurate and credible research in history.
  • Understanding different historical sources, and methodologies is essential for historical research.

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Description

Explore the meaning of history, its importance, and its traditional focus on political and military events. Differentiate between the past and history, and introduce the idea of historical narrative as a search for knowledge and truth. Learn about how history shapes traditions and cultural heritage.

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