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Questions and Answers
Which drug is associated with a significant decrease in intraocular pressure?
Which drug is associated with a significant decrease in intraocular pressure?
Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
Which drug is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection?
Which drug is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection?
Which drug is a selective modulator of GABAA receptors?
Which drug is a selective modulator of GABAA receptors?
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Which drug is chemically unrelated to any other drug used for IV induction?
Which drug is chemically unrelated to any other drug used for IV induction?
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What is the chemical structure of propofol?
What is the chemical structure of propofol?
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Which of the following best describes a sedative?
Which of the following best describes a sedative?
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Why is mixing propofol with lidocaine not recommended?
Why is mixing propofol with lidocaine not recommended?
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Which of the following is an alternative to propofol?
Which of the following is an alternative to propofol?
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What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
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Which factor determines the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
Which factor determines the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following drugs can exert synergistic sedative effects with benzodiazepines?
Which of the following drugs can exert synergistic sedative effects with benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following symptoms may occur after more than 6 months of use of low-potency benzodiazepines?
Which of the following symptoms may occur after more than 6 months of use of low-potency benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following benzodiazepines is preferred in elderly patients?
Which of the following benzodiazepines is preferred in elderly patients?
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Which of the following factors contribute to the water solubility of midazolam?
Which of the following factors contribute to the water solubility of midazolam?
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Which of the following is true about the administration of Diazepam for sedation during regional and brief therapeutic procedures?
Which of the following is true about the administration of Diazepam for sedation during regional and brief therapeutic procedures?
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What is the protein binding characteristic of Diazepam?
What is the protein binding characteristic of Diazepam?
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How is Diazepam metabolized in the body?
How is Diazepam metabolized in the body?
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What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
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How does the elimination half-time of Diazepam change with age?
How does the elimination half-time of Diazepam change with age?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate metabolism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate metabolism?
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Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
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What is the principal limiting aspect of etomidate's clinical usefulness?
What is the principal limiting aspect of etomidate's clinical usefulness?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's effects on ventilation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's effects on ventilation?
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What is a principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines?
What is a principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical use of propofol?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical use of propofol?
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Propofol administration can result in a decrease in which of the following?
Propofol administration can result in a decrease in which of the following?
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What is the recommended dose of propofol for induction of anesthesia in children?
What is the recommended dose of propofol for induction of anesthesia in children?
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How does propofol affect cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2)?
How does propofol affect cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2)?
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What effect does propofol have on the cardiovascular system?
What effect does propofol have on the cardiovascular system?
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Which drug is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection?
Which drug is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection?
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Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
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Which of the following drugs can potentiate respiratory depression when combined with opioids?
Which of the following drugs can potentiate respiratory depression when combined with opioids?
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Which drug is a selective modulator of GABAA receptors?
Which drug is a selective modulator of GABAA receptors?
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Which drug is associated with a significant decrease in intraocular pressure?
Which drug is associated with a significant decrease in intraocular pressure?
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Which of the following drugs induces hypnosis or sleep?
Which of the following drugs induces hypnosis or sleep?
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What is the chemical structure of propofol?
What is the chemical structure of propofol?
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Which of the following drugs is a low-lipid emulsion that does not require preservative but has higher pain on injection?
Which of the following drugs is a low-lipid emulsion that does not require preservative but has higher pain on injection?
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What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
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Why is mixing propofol with lidocaine not recommended?
Why is mixing propofol with lidocaine not recommended?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Diazepam's protein binding?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Diazepam's protein binding?
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What is the onset time for intravenous sedation with Diazepam?
What is the onset time for intravenous sedation with Diazepam?
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What is the recommended timing for administration of Diazepam before surgery?
What is the recommended timing for administration of Diazepam before surgery?
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What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
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How is Diazepam metabolized in the body?
How is Diazepam metabolized in the body?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
Which of the following factors contributes to the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following symptoms may occur after more than 6 months of use of low-potency benzodiazepines?
Which of the following symptoms may occur after more than 6 months of use of low-potency benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following drugs can exert synergistic sedative effects with benzodiazepines?
Which of the following drugs can exert synergistic sedative effects with benzodiazepines?
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What is the preferred benzodiazepine in elderly patients?
What is the preferred benzodiazepine in elderly patients?
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What is the principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines on the cardiovascular system?
What is the principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines on the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following is the equation of a line in slope-intercept form?
Which of the following is the equation of a line in slope-intercept form?
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Which of the following is the quadratic formula?
Which of the following is the quadratic formula?
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What is the value of $\sin(90°)$?
What is the value of $\sin(90°)$?
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What is the derivative of $f(x) = 3x^2 - 2x + 1$?
What is the derivative of $f(x) = 3x^2 - 2x + 1$?
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What is the value of $\log_{10}(1000)$?
What is the value of $\log_{10}(1000)$?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate metabolism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate metabolism?
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What is the principal limiting aspect of etomidate's clinical usefulness?
What is the principal limiting aspect of etomidate's clinical usefulness?
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Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
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How does propofol affect cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2)?
How does propofol affect cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2)?
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How does the elimination half-time of Diazepam change with age?
How does the elimination half-time of Diazepam change with age?
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Which drug is associated with a higher incidence of pain on injection?
Which drug is associated with a higher incidence of pain on injection?
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Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
Which drug is NOT known to affect hepatic or renal function?
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What is the principal pharmacologic effect of propofol on the cardiovascular system?
What is the principal pharmacologic effect of propofol on the cardiovascular system?
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What is the chemical structure of propofol?
What is the chemical structure of propofol?
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What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
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Which of the following equations represents a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?
Which of the following equations represents a line with a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of -3?
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What is the value of x in the equation $3x + 7 = 22$?
What is the value of x in the equation $3x + 7 = 22$?
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What is the area of a rectangle with length 6 units and width 4 units?
What is the area of a rectangle with length 6 units and width 4 units?
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What is the value of $(-2)^3$?
What is the value of $(-2)^3$?
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What is the solution to the equation $2x + 5 = 3x - 1$?
What is the solution to the equation $2x + 5 = 3x - 1$?
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Which of the following is true about the protein binding characteristic of Diazepam?
Which of the following is true about the protein binding characteristic of Diazepam?
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What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
What is the elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers?
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Which of the following drugs is recommended for sedation during regional as well as brief therapeutic procedures?
Which of the following drugs is recommended for sedation during regional as well as brief therapeutic procedures?
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What is the recommended timing for administration of Diazepam before surgery?
What is the recommended timing for administration of Diazepam before surgery?
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What is the commercial preparation of Diazepam?
What is the commercial preparation of Diazepam?
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Which of the following factors contribute to the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
Which of the following factors contribute to the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines?
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Which of the following drugs can potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids?
Which of the following drugs can potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids?
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Which of the following drugs is capable of producing an isoelectric EEG?
Which of the following drugs is capable of producing an isoelectric EEG?
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Which of the following drugs is preferred in elderly patients due to its metabolism by glucuronidation?
Which of the following drugs is preferred in elderly patients due to its metabolism by glucuronidation?
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Which of the following drugs has a short duration of action due to redistribution and rapid hepatic clearance?
Which of the following drugs has a short duration of action due to redistribution and rapid hepatic clearance?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's mechanism of action?
Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's mechanism of action?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol administration?
Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol administration?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of propofol alternatives?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of propofol alternatives?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's chemical structure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's chemical structure?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's administration medium?
Which of the following is a characteristic of propofol's administration medium?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's metabolism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's metabolism?
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Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on ventilation?
Which of the following is a side effect of etomidate on ventilation?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's adrenocortical suppression?
Which of the following is a characteristic of etomidate's adrenocortical suppression?
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Which of the following is NOT a principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines?
Which of the following is NOT a principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines?
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Propofol has a longer half-life in elderly patients compared to children
Propofol has a longer half-life in elderly patients compared to children
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Propofol is primarily metabolized by hepatic oxidative metabolism
Propofol is primarily metabolized by hepatic oxidative metabolism
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Propofol is commonly used for intravenous sedation
Propofol is commonly used for intravenous sedation
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Propofol can attenuate bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients
Propofol can attenuate bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients
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Propofol increases cerebral blood flow
Propofol increases cerebral blood flow
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Propofol is associated with significant decrease in intraocular pressure.
Propofol is associated with significant decrease in intraocular pressure.
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Propofol does not affect hepatic or renal function.
Propofol does not affect hepatic or renal function.
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Bradycardia is a potential side effect of propofol.
Bradycardia is a potential side effect of propofol.
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Propofol is chemically unrelated to any other drug used for IV induction.
Propofol is chemically unrelated to any other drug used for IV induction.
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Propofol has potent antioxidant properties.
Propofol has potent antioxidant properties.
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Etomidate is rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester side chain to its carboxylic acid ester
Etomidate is rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester side chain to its carboxylic acid ester
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Etomidate is highly protein bound to albumin
Etomidate is highly protein bound to albumin
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Etomidate is known to produce analgesia
Etomidate is known to produce analgesia
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Etomidate is associated with adrenocortical suppression
Etomidate is associated with adrenocortical suppression
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Etomidate has minimal effects on cardiovascular stability
Etomidate has minimal effects on cardiovascular stability
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Diazepam is commonly used as part of the anesthesia care plan.
Diazepam is commonly used as part of the anesthesia care plan.
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Diazepam is highly protein-bound.
Diazepam is highly protein-bound.
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Diazepam is dissolved in water.
Diazepam is dissolved in water.
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Diazepam has a rapid absorption from the GI tract.
Diazepam has a rapid absorption from the GI tract.
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The elimination half-time of Diazepam is shorter than lorazepam.
The elimination half-time of Diazepam is shorter than lorazepam.
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Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic drug.
Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic drug.
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Anxiolytics are drugs that induce hypnosis or sleep.
Anxiolytics are drugs that induce hypnosis or sleep.
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Propofol is administered intravenously.
Propofol is administered intravenously.
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Mixing propofol with lidocaine is not recommended.
Mixing propofol with lidocaine is not recommended.
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Propofol is a non-lipid formulation.
Propofol is a non-lipid formulation.
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True or false: Benzodiazepines have a built-in ceiling effect that prevents them from exceeding the physiologic maximum of GABA inhibition.
True or false: Benzodiazepines have a built-in ceiling effect that prevents them from exceeding the physiologic maximum of GABA inhibition.
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True or false: Differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines reflect differences in potency, lipid solubility, and pharmacokinetics.
True or false: Differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines reflect differences in potency, lipid solubility, and pharmacokinetics.
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True or false: Benzodiazepines decrease adenosine degradation, which can lead to a reduction in cardiac oxygen demand.
True or false: Benzodiazepines decrease adenosine degradation, which can lead to a reduction in cardiac oxygen demand.
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True or false: Benzodiazepines exert synergistic sedative effects with alcohol, inhaled anesthetics, opioids, and α2 agonists.
True or false: Benzodiazepines exert synergistic sedative effects with alcohol, inhaled anesthetics, opioids, and α2 agonists.
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True or false: Benzodiazepines can accelerate cognitive decline in elderly patients.
True or false: Benzodiazepines can accelerate cognitive decline in elderly patients.
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Study Notes
Anesthesia and Sedation
- Etomidate is associated with a significant decrease in intraocular pressure.
- Propofol is a selective modulator of GABAA receptors.
- Etomidate is chemically unrelated to any other drug used for IV induction.
- Propofol has a chemical structure that is a 2,6-diisopropylphenol.
- A sedative is a drug that reduces anxiety, stress, and excitement, but does not induce sleep.
Propofol
- Propofol is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection.
- Propofol is not known to affect hepatic or renal function.
- Propofol can induce hypnosis or sleep.
- The mechanism of action of propofol is through modulation of GABAA receptors.
- Mixing propofol with lidocaine is not recommended due to increased pain on injection.
- Ketamine is an alternative to propofol.
- Propofol administration can result in a decrease in systemic vascular resistance.
- The recommended dose of propofol for induction of anesthesia in children is 2.5-3.5 mg/kg.
- Propofol decreases cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2).
- Propofol has a negative inotropic effect on the cardiovascular system.
Diazepam
- Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that can exert synergistic sedative effects with opioids.
- Diazepam is preferred in elderly patients due to its metabolism by glucuronidation.
- The protein binding characteristic of Diazepam is 99%.
- The onset time for intravenous sedation with Diazepam is 1-2 minutes.
- The recommended timing for administration of Diazepam before surgery is 10-15 minutes.
- The elimination half-time of Diazepam in healthy volunteers is 20-30 hours.
- Diazepam is metabolized in the body through glucuronidation.
- The commercial preparation of Diazepam is Valium.
Etomidate
- Etomidate is associated with a high incidence of pain on injection.
- Etomidate is not known to affect hepatic or renal function.
- Etomidate has a characteristic of adrenocortical suppression.
- The principal limiting aspect of etomidate's clinical usefulness is adrenocortical suppression.
- Etomidate has a side effect on the cardiovascular system, causing hypertension.
- Etomidate has a side effect on ventilation, causing respiratory depression.
- Etomidate's metabolism is primarily through ester hydrolysis.
Benzodiazepines
- The principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines is anxiolysis.
- The principal pharmacologic effect of benzodiazepines on the cardiovascular system is a decrease in systemic vascular resistance.
- The factor that contributes to the differences in onset and duration among benzodiazepines is lipid solubility.
- The symptoms that may occur after more than 6 months of use of low-potency benzodiazepines include rebound anxiety and insomnia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of Etomidate. Learn about its unionization, protein binding, metabolism, and more. Find out how this drug is rapidly metabolized and its effects on the body.
