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Questions and Answers

What does the module on Automation primarily focus on?

  • Minimizing technology usage
  • Defining and implementing automation strategies (correct)
  • Flexibility in manual processes
  • Increasing operational costs

Which of the following is NOT highlighted in the Automation module content?

  • Secure Automation
  • Service Level Budgets (correct)
  • Automation Tools
  • Ironies of Automation

In the context of Automation, what is an example of a discussion topic covered in this module?

  • Effects of reducing staffing
  • The importance of human oversight
  • Automation 'Greatest Hits' (correct)
  • Historical failures of automation

What kind of case study is included in the Automation module?

<p>Standard Chartered's approach to automation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exercise is intended to help learners assess their current use of automation?

<p>How Much Automation Do You Have? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of SLOs in service monitoring?

<p>To define what is considered important from a user perspective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SLI stand for, and what is its purpose?

<p>Service Level Indicator; to compare performance against user expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of observability in a service?

<p>It provides insights into the normal state of the service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of distributed tracing?

<p>It tracks user actions across various services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the desired outcome of fewer paging alerts in a monitoring system?

<p>To reduce overall workload for the operations team (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the average time identified as 'normal' for users to complete a payment transaction?

<p>38 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between observability and actionable alerts?

<p>Observability encompasses a wider perspective of service health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of questions does observability encourage teams to ask?

<p>Inquisitive or 'what-if' questions about service performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of automation in the context of SRE?

<p>Faster action and faster fixes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for successful automation?

<p>Constant manual oversight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote 'For SRE, automation is a force multiplier, not a panacea' suggest about automation?

<p>Automation enhances existing processes but does not eliminate all challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the DevOps delivery pipeline, which task is typically performed first?

<p>Run Unit Tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'eliminating toil' in automation refer to?

<p>Reducing repetitive and mundane tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Service Level Objective (SLO)?

<p>To define how well a product or service should operate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically considered the most widely tracked SLO?

<p>Availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 1 million web requests are made and the SLO allows for 99.9% success, how many requests can fail?

<p>1,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen if an SLO is not achieved?

<p>Remediation work must take place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying strategy should guide the establishment of an SLO?

<p>Consider the customer's perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of 744,000 logins a month with a goal of 99% success, how many logins can fail?

<p>7,440 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not part of the concept of an SLO?

<p>Customer feedback system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an error budget represent in the context of SLOs?

<p>The maximum allowable failures within an SLO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are SLOs significant for business?

<p>They help uphold promises to customers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an error budget is exceeded?

<p>Remedial actions must be initiated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of automation in SRE-led service automation?

<p>Enhancing reliability engineering priorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'shifting left' refer to in the context of SRE?

<p>Moving operational responsibilities to developers earlier in the process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential misconception regarding testing steps in production environments?

<p>They can lead to false confidence in deployment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for environments in SRE-led service automation?

<p>They need to be provisioned as Infrastructure- and Configuration-as-Code. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does monitoring and alerting focus on in SRE practices?

<p>Things that are known to go wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can all code be rebuilt in the SRE context?

<p>From a central code repository. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption do developers often make about the environments they work with?

<p>They are consistently configured across development and production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of Ops in SRE-led automation?

<p>They lead the automation effort to improve service reliability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception about the deployment process in production?

<p>Production environments are similar to test environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of ensuring reliability in SRE practices?

<p>Implementing automation to smooth out repetitive tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines toil?

<p>Work that is manual, repetitive, and can be automated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does NOT describe toil?

<p>Creatively stimulating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of high toil in an organization?

<p>Slow progress in releasing new features. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates toil?

<p>Creating user accounts manually. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to tasks associated with toil as a service grows?

<p>They scale linearly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered toil?

<p>Automated testing processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact of toil on individuals?

<p>Spending more time on manual tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is toil considered devoid of enduring value?

<p>It is often repetitive and not strategic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would likely be classified as toil?

<p>Responding to alerts manually every day. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about toil is correct?

<p>Toil can reduce the time available for productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks is indicative of manual work linked to toil?

<p>Manual resets of equipment components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes toil from regular work?

<p>Toil lacks engaging elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tangible benefit of reducing toil for teams?

<p>More time for strategic initiatives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a tactical task that may be considered toil?

<p>Creating incident reports from system failures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

SLO

A goal for how well a product or service operates, directly related to the user experience.

User Experience

The overall feeling a user has when interacting with a product or service.

Availability SLO

The most common SLO for measuring uptime of a product or service.

Error Budget

The acceptable number of failures allowed within a given period.

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Error Budget Policy

The plan for dealing with failures that exceed the error budget.

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Web Requests

Specific interactions a user initiates with a website (e.g., a click, a search).

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Service Level objective

A target for service reliability, directly linked with customer happiness.

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SRE

A system or operational role that focuses on optimizing system reliability.

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Multiple SLOs

Products or services often need various SLOs (Service Level Objectives) for different functions.

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Customer Perspective

Understanding what promises are made to users through the service.

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Toil

Work that is manual, repetitive, automatable, tactical, has no enduring value, and scales linearly with service growth.

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Toil Example: Manual Deployment

Performing deployments manually without automation, leading to inconsistencies and potential errors.

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Toil Example: Constant Troubleshooting

Dealing with the same recurring issues due to a lack of automation or underlying root cause analysis.

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Toil Example: Manual Infrastructure Management

Manually configuring and managing infrastructure components, taking time and effort from more valuable tasks.

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Toil Example: On-call Responsiveness

Responding to alerts and incidents that are not addressed by proper monitoring and automation, leading to fatigue and stress.

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Toil Example: Manual Data Extraction

Manually extracting data from different systems, requiring manual effort and prone to errors.

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Toil Example: Manual Scaling

Manually adjusting infrastructure capacity based on demand, which is time-consuming and potentially inefficient.

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Toil Impact: Individual

Toil steals valuable time and energy, slowing down progress on meaningful work, leading to burnout and frustration.

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Toil Impact: Organization

High Toil leads to slower feature releases, missed opportunities for value creation, and reduced innovation.

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Toil vs. Regular Work

Toil refers to non-value adding, repetitive tasks, while regular work involves problem-solving, creativity, and learning.

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Benefits of Toil Reduction

Reducing toil frees up time and resources for innovation, improves team morale, and enhances service reliability.

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Toil Reduction Strategies

Strategies include automation, monitoring improvements, and root cause analysis to address the underlying causes of toil.

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Automation for Toil Reduction

Using automation to eliminate manual tasks, freeing up time for more value-adding work.

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Monitoring for Toil Reduction

Investing in robust monitoring systems to identify and address issues proactively, preventing reactive work and toil.

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Root Cause Analysis for Toil Reduction

Identifying the root causes of recurring issues to address them permanently, reducing the need for constant troubleshooting.

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Normal State

The expected, usual behavior of a service, based on data from various monitoring tools.

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Multi-Criteria Alerting

Setting up alerts that trigger based on a combination of factors, not just a single metric.

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Why Observability?

Helps understand the "normal" state of a service and allows for proactive issue detection.

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Inquisitive Questions

Questions that go beyond simple alerts. They aim to understand the "why" behind observed behavior.

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SLI vs SLO

SLI focuses on how well a service is performing currently, while SLO sets a goal for future performance.

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Observability Benefits

Provides insights into a service's health and behavior, enabling proactive problem prevention and informed decision-making.

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Traditional Monitoring

Often focused on reacting to problems, rather than understanding the underlying causes.

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Proactive Monitoring

Utilizes observability to anticipate potential issues, proactively identifying problems before they impact users.

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Automation Defined

The use of technology to perform tasks automatically, reducing human effort and potential errors.

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Automation Focus

Focusing automation efforts on tasks that are repetitive, time-consuming, and prone to human error.

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Hierarchy of Automation Types

Different levels of automation, ranging from simple scripts to complex systems that can adapt and learn.

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Secure Automation

Implementing automation in a way that prioritizes security, preventing unauthorized access and malicious activities.

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Automation Tools

Software and platforms designed to help automate various tasks, such as scripting, monitoring, and deployment.

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Automation's Impact

Automation enhances consistency, builds a foundation for future development, accelerates actions and fixes, and saves time.

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Why Automate?

Automation aims to eliminate repetitive tasks, improve service performance metrics (SLOs), and free up time for more valuable work.

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Automation Requires

Successful automation requires a problem to solve, suitable tools, engineering effort, and measurable outcomes.

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Automation Focus: Delivery Pipeline

Automation is often applied to the entire development and deployment pipeline, including stages like build, testing, and product deployment.

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DevOps Automation

Most automation effort is driven by the development side, focusing on building, testing, and releasing software efficiently.

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SRE-Led Service Automation

A shift in focus where SREs take the lead in automating service operations to prioritize reliability engineering goals. This involves shifting left, meaning that automation efforts are initiated early in the development process.

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Infrastructure-as-Code

A practice where infrastructure is defined and managed through code, enabling consistent and reproducible provisioning of environments. This eliminates manual configuration, reduces errors, and promotes version control.

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Configuration-as-Code

A practice where configurations are defined and managed through code, ensuring consistent and reproducible configuration of software and systems. This eliminates manual configuration, reduces errors, and promotes version control.

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Code Repository

A central location where all code related to a project is stored and managed. This includes source code, configuration files, and other essential components.

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Automation for Reliability

The focus of SRE-led service automation is to ensure reliability, not just to automate tasks. This means that the automation efforts should be targeted at improving service stability, performance, and recovery.

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Shifting Left in Automation

This refers to bringing automation efforts earlier in the development process, ideally at the design and coding stages. This ensures that reliability is built in from the start.

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Consistent Environments

A key goal of SRE-led service automation is to achieve consistent environments across development, testing, and production stages. This minimizes surprises and ensures that code behaves as expected in production.

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Rebuilding from Code

A key principle of SRE-led service automation is that all code can be rebuilt from a code repository. This ensures that the system can be reconstructed from scratch, promoting reproducibility and reducing dependencies.

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Increased Feature Deployment Frequency

As automation takes over repetitive tasks, SRE-led service automation enables more frequent and reliable deployment of new features. This allows teams to respond quickly to changing market demands and customer needs.

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Production Environment Uniqueness

Production environments are often unique and can differ significantly from development or testing environments. These differences can lead to unexpected behaviors and challenges.

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Study Notes

Bloom's Taxonomy

  • Bloom's Taxonomy is used to categorize learning objectives and assess learning achievements.
  • The categories are Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.

About DevOps Institute

  • DevOps Institute advances the human elements of DevOps.
  • It's a global member association connecting IT practitioners, thought leaders, talent acquisition, and business executives to support digital transformation.
  • The institute helps advance careers, professional development, and thought leadership.

Site Reliability Engineering Foundation Course Content

  • The course has modules covering Course & Class Welcome, SRE Principles & Practices, Service Level Objectives & Error Budgets, Reducing Toil, Monitoring & Service Level Indicators, Sample Exam Review, SRE Tools & Automation, Anti-Fragility & Learning from Failure, Organizational Impact of SRE, and SRE, Other Frameworks, The Future (with Examination Time also included).

Module 1: SRE Principles & Practices

  • Covers site reliability engineering (SRE).
  • Discusses SRE's relationship to DevOps and differences between them.
  • Outlines SRE principles and practices.
  • Includes a discussion component about SRE's day-to-day tasks

What is Site Reliability Engineering?

  • SRE is a discipline incorporating software engineering aspects for infrastructure and operations problems.
  • It was created at Google around 2003.
  • SRE's dedicate 50% of their time to operations tasks (e.g. issue resolution, on-call, and manual interventions) and 50% to development tasks (e.g. new features, scaling, and automation).
  • Key aspects of SRE include scalability, availability, incident response, and automation.
  • Organizations beyond Google are embracing SRE.

Module 2: Service Level Objectives & Error Budgets

  • Contains information about Service Level Objectives (SLOs) and error budgets.
  • Explains that an SLO is an availability target for a product or service (never 100%).
  • Discusses that SLOs need consequences if violated.
  • Explains the concept of error budgets.
  • Includes case studies (e.g., Evernote, Home Depot).

Module 3: Reducing Toil

  • Defines toil as manual, repetitive, automatable, tactical work with no enduring value, scaling linearly as a service grows.
  • Discusses why toil is bad, identifying negative impacts on individuals and organizations (such as slow progress, poor quality, career stagnation, attrition, unending tasks, and burnout).
  • Provides information on how to reduce toil.
  • Includes examples of tools and techniques to reduce toil like pragmatic automation

Module 4: Monitoring & Service Level Indicators

  • Includes topics about SLI's, monitoring, and observability.
  • SLI's are service level indicators allowing for quantitative data communication about systems.
  • SLI measurement needs a bound timeframe.
  • Case studies (e.g., Trivago, Microsoft)

Module 5: SRE Tools & Automation

  • Discusses automation defined.
  • Covers hierarchy of automation types, secure automation, and automation tools.
  • Includes case studies and examples of automation like "big dev and small ops".
  • Covers automation's benefits (consistency, platform building, reuse, faster action, and time savings).

Module 6: Antifragility & Learning from Failure

  • Discusses why learning from failures is important for performance metrics like MTTD, MTTR, MTRS, and RPO/SLO improvement.
  • Explores the concept of antifragility, providing strategies/approaches for reducing reliance on human intervention.

Module 7: Organizational Impact of SRE

  • Discusses the elements of organizational aspects that impact SRE adoption, including executive support, funding, good working relationships, and organizational scaling activities.
  • Discusses SRE and its relationships with other frameworks (Agile, DevOps, ITSM).
  • Examines trends occurring in SRE (including the evolution of the Network and Database Reliability Engineers (NRE/DBRE), as well as Customer Reliability Engineer (CRE), & Heritage Reliability Engineer (HRE)) and the concept of Observability

Bloom's Taxonomy, SRE & DevOps, Metrics (MTTD, MTTR, MTRS), etc (Additional Info)

  • Explains the basics of SRE's connection to DevOps and its application to various contexts like organizational models, metrics, and how to implement various tools, strategies, and methodologies.

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