Ethics Subfields

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'meta' mean in the context of metaethics?

Within or inside

Below or beneath

Above or beyond (correct)

Around or surrounding

What is the primary concern of normative ethics?

Analyzing the role of reason in making ethical judgments

Examining specific controversial issues

Studying the meaning of ethical concepts

Developing standards for morally acceptable conduct (correct)

What is the main focus of applied ethics?

Examining the will of God

Developing universal truths

Studying the role of reason in ethical judgments

Resolving specific controversial issues (correct)

What is professional ethics, according to the content?

A subfield of applied ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of logic and reason in normative ethics?

To justify standards for morally acceptable conduct Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'The Golden Rule' in ethics?

It is a standard for morally acceptable conduct in normative ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of deontological ethics?

Fulfilling obligations to others due to relationships Signup and view all the answers

Who is the 18th-century Prussian philosopher associated with deontological ethics?

Immanuel Kant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe deontological ethics because it does not consider consequences?

Nonconsequentialist Signup and view all the answers

What is the categorical imperative, according to Immanuel Kant?

Treat others as ends, not as a means to an end, and act in a way that you would want everyone to always act Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a deontological obligation?

Caring for elderly, infirm parents Signup and view all the answers

What is another term used to describe deontological ethics?

Divine Command theory Signup and view all the answers

Why is it unethical, from a deontological perspective, to not care for one's elderly, infirm parents?

Because it goes against one's obligation to care for them Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between deontological ethics and consequences?

Deontological ethics is not concerned with consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'choice' stage in an occupational career?

Understanding the social benefit and job security of the profession Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the 'introduction' stage of an occupational career?

The novice begins to experience a shift in values Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of 'war stories' told by academy instructors and field training officers?

The novice's views on proper behavior may shift Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'encounter' stage in an occupational career?

To understand the difference between theory and practice Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the occupational career process?

The practitioner's sense of self becomes crucial to their identity Signup and view all the answers

Who typically explains the difference between theory and practice to the novice?

A more senior officer responsible for training Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the novice's high ideals and positive values during the introduction stage?

They are replaced by distrust of the bureaucracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the novice during the introduction stage?

To learn what the job is 'really like' Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the perceived legitimacy of the law in a democracy?

Social influences and the perceived neutrality of its application Signup and view all the answers

According to the value-predisposition perspective, what affects practitioner values?

Social influences, especially those from popular media Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of media depictions of policing that stress crime fighting?

Practitioners are more likely to attract individuals with a 'crime fighting' orientation Signup and view all the answers

What is the values-learned perspective on criminal justice practitioner values?

Terminal and instrumental values are learned through a process of socialization and enculturation Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that police officers may try to ensure conformity in the community they police?

Through negative sanctions imposed on those engaging in proscribed behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the values-learned perspective on criminal justice agencies?

Agencies 'fuse' the practitioner to the organization by providing them with the necessary rules and tools Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind broken-windows policing?

To punish minor violations of the law to deter more serious crimes Signup and view all the answers

What do media depictions of police officers using 'dirty means' to achieve 'just ends' influence?

The type of person drawn to the field of criminal justice Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between allowing minor offenses to continue unabated and the increase in more serious crimes?

Allowing minor offenses to continue unabated leads to an increase in more serious crimes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of socialization and enculturation on criminal justice practitioners according to the values-learned perspective?

They are 'fused' to the organization with the necessary rules and tools Signup and view all the answers

What do the crime control and due process models represent, according to Herbert L. Packer?

Two competing value systems in the operation of the criminal process Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of criminal justice agencies recruiting and screening prospective employees based on values that approve of crime fighting and efficiency?

Agencies retain individuals with values that prioritize crime fighting and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a minor offense that may be targeted in broken-windows policing?

Public consumption of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of punishing minor offenders, according to the broken-windows theory?

To deter prospective offenders from engaging in more serious crimes Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of allowing minor offenses to continue unabated, according to the broken-windows theory?

An increase in more serious crimes Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the book by Herbert L. Packer that discusses the crime control and due process models?

The Limits of the Criminal Sanction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethics in Criminal Justice

Metaethics examines abstract notions such as universal truths, the role of reason, and the meaning of self and others
Normative ethics develops standards for morally acceptable conduct, using logic and reason to justify them
Applied ethics addresses specific controversial issues, such as abortion and capital punishment, using guiding principles from metaethics and normative ethics
Professional ethics, a subfield of applied ethics, develops rules and standards for professionals like doctors and lawyers

Deontological Ethics

Deontological ethics concerns itself with fulfilling obligations to others due to relationships, regardless of consequences
This perspective is sometimes referred to as nonconsequentialist ethics
Examples of deontological theories include those based on Immanuel Kant's writings and Divine Command theory
Kant's categorical imperative states that we should treat others as ends, not means, and act in a way that we would want everyone to always act

Values in Criminal Justice

The value-predisposition perspective suggests that social influences, especially media, affect practitioner values
Media depictions of policing that stress crime fighting and high-tech forensic devices attract individuals with a crime-fighting orientation
This can result in agencies recruiting and screening employees who prioritize efficiency over due process protections

Occupational Career of Practitioners

The occupational career of a criminal justice practitioner consists of several stages: choice, introduction, encounter, and metamorphosis
The "choice" stage relates to the perceived importance and meaningfulness of the work, job security, and salary
The "introduction" stage involves learning skills and may lead to a shift in values as the novice learns what the job is "really like"
The "encounter" stage involves learning the difference between theory and practice, often explained by a senior officer

Broken Windows Policing

Broken windows policing involves punishing minor violations of the law to deter prospective offenders from engaging in more serious crimes
This approach is based on the idea that allowing minor offenses to continue unabated leads to an increase in more serious crimes

Crime Control Model

The crime control model, as described by Herbert L. Packer, prioritizes efficiency and crime control over due process protections
This model is based on the idea that the criminal justice system's primary goal is to prevent and control crime

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Description

Explore the different branches of ethics, including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics, and their roles in understanding morality and ethical decision-making.