Ethics of Organ Donation and Xenotransplantation

<p>It gives permission to harvest organs while still on a ventilator for 48 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A last resort due to the shortage of living donors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kantian perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission of zoonotic diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces animal rights issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fairness in organ distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Commodification of the human body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients can make independent decisions about their care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Commercialization of human tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximizing transplant success and responding to urgent needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Violation of individual autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transplant tourism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portugal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supply and demand dynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First kidney transplant in 1954 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle factors are not evaluated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A requirement for individuals to make a clear choice about organ donation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consent is assumed unless a person explicitly opts out (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Families often override the donor wishes of individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conflict between respecting individual autonomy and familial consent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nova Scotia is the only province with an opt-out system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It guarantees that all usable organs will be harvested regardless of consent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They argue it violates personal autonomy and freedom of choice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethically, it is wrong to hoard organs when there is high demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The irreversible cessation of all brain function. This definition is primarily used to facilitate organ donation, not as an objective measure of death.

The act of harvesting organs from a person who isn't technically dead (e.g., on a ventilator) raises ethical concerns. The definition of death is questioned as organ donation needs clash with the traditional understanding of death.

The push for a 'whole brain' definition of death was influenced by the need for organ transplants. This change allows for organ harvest earlier in the dying process, even while the body is technically still alive on a ventilator.

Babies born with only a brain stem, lacking a fully developed brain. Their organs have the potential to be used in donations, but they raise ethical questions as they are kept alive on ventilators just for organ harvesting.

The practice of retrieving organs from deceased individuals for transplantation. This option can help address the organ shortage but raises ethical considerations, especially in cases where death is ambiguous or the donor's consent is unclear.

This ethical perspective weighs the potential benefits of organ donation against the risks to everyone involved, aiming for the greatest overall happiness.

This perspective focuses on individual autonomy and the principle of not treating people as mere means to an end. It argues that organ donation can violate these principles.

This perspective argues that individuals should not be pressured to donate organs, particularly not to the point of hastening their own death.

An illegal market where organs are bought and sold, often exploiting vulnerable people.

The transplantation of organs from animals to humans raises ethical concerns about animal rights, the potential for zoonotic diseases, and the impact on human-animal identity.

Offers a potential solution to organ shortages and provides a lifeline for patients with limited options.

Risks involve high rejection rates, the possibility of zoonotic diseases, ethical concerns about animal welfare, and uncertainties about patient safety due to the experimental nature.

Patients with end-stage organ failure who have exhausted all other treatment options and are waiting for a human donor organ.

Offering payments, tax discounts, or funeral expense coverage to encourage organ donations. This practice can commodify the human body, deter altruistic donations, and disproportionately affect the poor.

The ethical issue of harvesting organs from patients who are terminally ill, including those who have chosen assisted suicide, when informed consent is given.

Ethical frameworks for distributing organs prioritize factors like urgency, age, and likelihood of transplant success.

Five major ethical issues include cost, allocation, supply, demand, and consent.

Patients traveling abroad to purchase organs, often exploiting vulnerable populations. This practice is illegal.

Spain leads in organ donation rates, followed by the US, Croatia, Portugal, and France.

The number of organs available for transplantation is limited due to a shortage of donors. Factors like increasing life expectancy, educational campaigns, and family overrides contribute to this challenge.

Individuals can legally express their wish to donate organs through donor cards or formal documentation. However, families can often overrule these wishes, leading to ethical dilemmas.

A legal policy that requires hospitals to ask families about organ donation after a death. Despite this, nearly half of families still decline the offer.

A policy that forces individuals to actively decide about organ donation. This eliminates ambiguity and aims to increase the number of donors by requiring everyone to make a choice.

A policy that assumes everyone is an organ donor unless they explicitly opt out. This aims to maximize the use of organs by defaulting to donation.

Most Canadian provinces and territories operate on an opt-in system for organ donation. However, Nova Scotia employs a presumed consent (opt-out) system.

A controversial policy that removes all usable organs for donation without requiring consent. This concept draws upon John Harris' argument that it's unethical to withhold organs when there's a high need and scarcity.

A fundamental ethical question surrounding organ donation challenges our understanding of the moral duty to donate versus the right to choose. This poses a complex debate about individual autonomy and societal needs.