Ethics and Liability in Decision Making
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Questions and Answers

What does the deontology approach emphasize in moral decision making?

  • The opinions of the majority on moral issues
  • The outcomes of actions as the primary measure of morality
  • The societal impact of an action regardless of rules
  • The inherent rightness or wrongness of actions based on established rules (correct)
  • Which of the following best describes liability in an ethical context?

  • The moral obligation to correct a wrong action
  • A legal concept allowing recovery of damages from other parties (correct)
  • The general principle of acting ethically in business
  • The ability to hold someone accountable for their actions
  • Which ethical issue specifically involves concerns about access to information?

  • Accuracy
  • Privacy
  • Accessibility (correct)
  • Property
  • What must privacy rights be balanced against according to common legal interpretations?

    <p>The public's right to know and societal needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the use of facial recognition technology?

    <p>Tracking and profiling individuals across various platforms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blockchain technology in relation to Bitcoin?

    <p>To act as a ledger tracking ownership of digital tokens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of miners in blockchain?

    <p>Miners compete to add blocks through solving algorithms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major benefit of using fintech mobile apps for personal finance?

    <p>They help automate budgeting and loan finding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible drawback of blockchain technology?

    <p>It can be susceptible to hacking attacks like 51-percent attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of online advertising compared to traditional methods?

    <p>To enable interactive communication with targeted audiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In supply chain management, how does blockchain technology improve transparency?

    <p>It allows real-time tracking of raw materials through every stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do robo-advisers assist investors?

    <p>By generating asset allocation portfolios based on age and risk tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between e-commerce and e-business?

    <p>E-business encompasses a wider scope including servicing customers and collaboration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a full node in a blockchain network?

    <p>It maintains a complete copy of the blockchain ledger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a clicks-and-mortar organization?

    <p>A business engaged in e-commerce activities, primarily in the physical world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe organizations that only engage in electronic commerce?

    <p>Virtual organizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique advantage of blockchain technology in the music industry?

    <p>It allows for automatic micropayments to artists per download (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of e-commerce involves transactions exclusively between businesses?

    <p>Business-to-business (B2B) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of partial e-commerce would be:

    <p>Buying a book from an online retailer with home delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electronic commerce is characterized by an individual selling goods or services to another individual?

    <p>Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of digitalization refers to:

    <p>The level to which commerce is transformed from physical to digital. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is channel conflict in e-tailing?

    <p>Tension between online sellers and their traditional distributors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does multichannelling aim to achieve?

    <p>To integrate online and offline channels for a cohesive customer experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of order fulfillment in e-commerce?

    <p>Completing customer purchases quickly and efficiently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does personalized pricing involve?

    <p>Pricing items according to a customer's perceived ability to pay. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the sell-side marketplace model?

    <p>It enables organizations to sell products or services electronically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the buy-side marketplace model?

    <p>It focuses on organizations procuring products or services electronically. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reverse auction method entail in the buy-side marketplace?

    <p>Buyers submit bids to suppliers to achieve lower prices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are electronic marketplaces classified?

    <p>As vertical exchanges or horizontal exchanges depending on industry connection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the fair approach to ethics?

    <p>It treats all individuals equally or fairly based on a defendable standard. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical approach emphasizes providing the greatest good and least harm?

    <p>Utilitarian approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines e-government?

    <p>The use of internet technology to provide services to citizens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes mobile commerce (m-commerce)?

    <p>E-commerce conducted entirely in a wireless environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a forward auction?

    <p>An auction where sellers request bids from multiple buyers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electronic marketplace?

    <p>To serve as a central market space for multiple buyers and sellers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which payment method is primarily used in B2B transactions?

    <p>Electronic cheques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'long tail' in e-commerce?

    <p>A strategy of selling a variety of niche products in small quantities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does disintermediation in e-commerce refer to?

    <p>The automation of intermediary functions, making them less necessary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of credit card is primarily used for consumer-to-business (B2C) transactions?

    <p>Electronic credit cards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of financial technology (fintech)?

    <p>To leverage technology to compete with traditional financial institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    E-commerce

    The process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet.

    E-business

    A broader concept than e-commerce, encompassing all electronic activities within a business, such as servicing customers, collaborating with partners, and internal transactions.

    Degree of digitalization

    The extent to which a commercial transaction shifts from physical to digital processes.

    Brick-and-mortar organization

    A traditional business operating solely in the physical world, without any digital components.

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    Virtual organization

    A business that operates entirely online, with no physical presence.

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    B2C e-commerce

    Business-to-consumer e-commerce involves organizations selling to individual customers.

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    C2C e-commerce

    Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce involves individuals selling to other individuals.

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    E-government

    Using the internet to deliver public services to citizens, businesses, and suppliers.

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    Mobile commerce (m-commerce)

    E-commerce conducted entirely wirelessly, often using smartphones or tablets.

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    Social commerce

    Buying and selling through social media platforms.

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    Conversational commerce

    Using chatbots and messaging apps to engage in e-commerce transactions.

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    Electronic catalogue

    An online product database with search and presentation features.

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    Forward auction

    Many buyers bid on an item, with the highest bidder winning.

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    Reverse auction

    A buyer requests bids from multiple suppliers, with the lowest bidder winning.

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    Electronic storefront

    A website representing a single store, like a physical shop online.

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    Electronic marketplace (e-marketplace)

    A virtual market space where many buyers and sellers can conduct e-commerce activities.

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    P2P Lending

    A type of lending where individuals or businesses directly borrow from other individuals or businesses, often facilitated by online platforms.

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    Robo-Adviser

    An automated investment management system that uses algorithms to build and manage investment portfolios based on client preferences.

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    What is a key benefit fintech brings to personal finance?

    Fintech companies strive to make personal finance more transparent and affordable, offering tools for budgeting, loan comparisons, tax filing, and investing, all accessible through mobile apps and online platforms.

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    What is the purpose of blockchain technology?

    Blockchain is a decentralized, secure, and transparent system for recording and verifying transactions, preventing tampering or duplication.

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    Full Node

    A type of computer on a blockchain network that holds a complete copy of the blockchain ledger, including all transaction history.

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    What is the role of a miner in blockchain?

    Miners are nodes that solve complex mathematical problems to add new blocks of transactions to the blockchain, earning rewards in the form of cryptocurrency and transaction fees.

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    What is the relationship between Bitcoin and Blockchain?

    Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency that utilizes blockchain technology to record and verify transactions, ensuring security and transparency.

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    What is the impact of streaming services on the music industry?

    Streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music have revolutionized music consumption but pose new challenges for artists regarding rights management, copyright enforcement, and royalty payments.

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    How does blockchain benefit the Music Industry?

    Blockchain allows each song file to store its licensing and royalty information, enabling automatic micropayments to artists for every download.

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    How does blockchain enable supply chain transparency?

    Blockchain can track the journey of raw materials and goods throughout the supply chain, providing a transparent and verifiable record of their origin and movement.

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    Deontology approach

    The morality of an action is judged based on whether the action itself is right or wrong, regardless of its consequences.

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    Code of ethics

    A set of principles guiding decision-making within an organization, helping members act ethically.

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    Privacy

    The right to be left alone and to be free from unwanted intrusion into one's personal life.

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    Information privacy

    The right to control how personal information about you is collected, stored, and shared.

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    Digital dossier

    An electronic profile that compiles data about a person's habits and activities, often created through profiling.

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    Channel Conflict in E-tailing

    Tension arising when e-commerce operations of a company clash with the roles of its traditional distributors. This occurs when online sales potentially undermine or bypass distributors' functions, leading to potential alienation.

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    Multichanneling

    A strategy that seamlessly integrates a company's online (e-commerce) and offline (physical store) channels, creating a cohesive customer experience.

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    Showrooming

    Customers physically examining products in a store but purchasing them online from a different retailer, often using their smartphones.

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    Order Fulfillment Challenges

    The difficulties in managing the tasks of e-commerce orders, including product location, packing, delivery, payment, and handling returns. These are more complex in B2C due to numerous small orders.

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    Personalized Pricing

    Adjusting prices for individual customers based on their perceived ability to pay, aiming to maximize profits.

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    Sell-Side Marketplace

    A platform where organizations sell their products or services to other businesses online, using their own website or a third-party marketplace.

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    Buy-Side Marketplace

    A platform where businesses procure goods and services from other organizations online, using methods like reverse auctions.

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    E-Procurement

    The process of purchasing goods and services electronically, often involving reverse auctions and group purchasing.

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    Electronic Exchanges

    Independently owned marketplaces facilitating connections between numerous buyers and sellers across industries.

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    Utilitarian Approach to Ethics

    An ethical action is considered right if it produces the greatest overall good and least harm for all involved parties.

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    Study Notes

    E-Business and E-Commerce Overview

    • E-commerce: Buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information through computer networks (including the internet).
    • E-business: Broader concept encompassing e-commerce, customer service, business partner collaborations, and internal transactions.
    • Digitalization Degree: The extent of transformation from physical to digital commerce. Products and delivery mechanisms can be either physical or digital.
    • Types of E-Commerce:
      • B2C: Businesses sell to consumers.
      • B2B: Businesses sell to other businesses.
      • C2C: Individuals sell to other individuals (e.g., auctions, classified ads).
      • B2E: Businesses use EC internally for employee services.
      • E-government: Use of internet technology to provide public services.
      • M-commerce: E-commerce conducted entirely in a wireless environment.
      • Social commerce: E-commerce through social computing.
      • Conversational commerce: E-commerce using natural language processing for conversations.

    E-Commerce Mechanisms

    • Electronic Catalogues: Product databases, directories, search capabilities, and presentation functions.
    • Electronic Auctions: Competitive bidding processes, increasing seller revenues.
      • Forward auctions: Sellers solicit bids.
      • Reverse auctions: Buyers solicit bids.
    • Electronic Storefronts: Websites representing single stores.
    • Electronic Malls: Collections of individual shops under one address.
    • Electronic Marketplaces: Centralized virtual marketplaces for multiple buyers and sellers.

    Electronic Payment Mechanisms

    • Electronic Cheques: Similar to paper cheques but electronically transmitted.
    • Electronic Credit/Debit Cards: Used for online payments.
    • Purchasing Cards: B2B equivalent to electronic credit cards.
    • Stored-Value Money Cards: Prepaid cards for spending.
    • EMV Smart Cards: Chip-based cards with magnetic stripes for secure transactions.

    B2C E-Commerce

    • Electronic Retailing (E-tailing): Direct sale of products/services through storefronts/malls.
    • The Long Tail: Selling a large number of unique items in small quantities.
    • Disintermediation: Removal of intermediaries (middlemen) due to automated systems or efficient platforms.
    • Online Service Industries: Impacts on intermediaries: some functions eliminated, others supported.
    • Fintech: Industry using technology to compete with traditional financial institutions (lending, trading, investing, personal finance, funding, mobile banking, internet banking, online securities trading).

    Blockchain Technology

    • Blockchain: Decentralized, distributed, encrypted, secure, and tamper-proof digital ledger.
      • Transactions: Bundled into blocks linked to previous blocks.
      • Nodes: Computers supporting the network.
      • Full nodes: Full copies of the blockchain.
      • Lightweight nodes: Partial copies of the blockchain.
      • Miners: Create blocks by solving PoW algorithms. Rewarded with Bitcoin and fees.
    • Bitcoin: Digital currency built on blockchain technology.

    Supply Chains and Online Advertising

    • Blockchain in Supply Chains: Enhanced transparency and tracking of materials and goods.
    • Online Advertising: Media-rich, dynamic, and interactive methods for influencing transactions.
    • E-Tailing Issues:
      • Channel conflict Tension between online and traditional sales channels.
      • Multi-channeling Integrating online and offline channels for a cohesive experience.
      • Showrooming Customers exploring in-store, purchasing online.
      • Order fulfillment Managing tasks from order placement to delivery and returns.
      • Personalized pricing Adjusting prices based on customer perceived ability to pay.
    • Types of advertising (banner, pop-up, pop-under, spamming, permission marketing, viral marketing)

    B2B E-Commerce

    • Sell-side marketplaces: Businesses sell electronically to other businesses.
    • Buy-side marketplaces: Businesses procure products/services electronically.
    • E-procurement: Using electronic tools for procurement.
    • Group purchasing Combining orders for larger volume discounts.
    • Electronic Exchanges (Public Exchanges): Independent marketplaces connecting numerous sellers and buyers.
      • Vertical exchanges: Focus on a specific industry.
      • Horizontal exchanges: Connect buyers/sellers across industries.

    Ethics and Privacy

    • Ethics: Principles of right and wrong guiding behavior.
    • Ethical approaches: Utilitarian, Rights, Fairness, Common Good, Deontology
    • Ethics in the corporate environment (responsibility, accountability, liability: legal concepts)
    • Ethical issues in information technology
      • Privacy (Information privacy, right to be left alone)
      • Accuracy (Authenticity, fidelity, correctness)
      • Property (Ownership, value)
      • Accessibility (Access rights, fees, information access)
    • Electronic surveillance (cameras, sensors, face recognition, drones)
    • Personal information in databases (storage and use concerns).
    • Information about individuals on internet sites (electronic bulletin boards, newsgroups, social networking sites, managing offensive/false content).
    • Privacy policies and informed consent (opt-out, opt-in, privacy protocols),

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in ethics, focusing on deontological approaches to moral decision-making and the implications of liability in ethical contexts. It also explores privacy rights, access to information, and the consequences of facial recognition technology. Test your knowledge on these important ethical issues.

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