36 Questions
Which of the following is a goal of ethics education?
Enhancing learner awareness, attitudes, and knowledge
What is the term used to refer to norms that bind groups because of their culture, religion, or profession?
Particular morality
Who are the authors known for their classic exposition of the principles of biomedical ethics?
Beauchamp and Childress
What are the fundamental principles of ethics mentioned in the text?
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice
What does the principle of beneficence obligate physicians to do?
Act for the benefit of the patient
What is the term used to describe norms common to humankind that transcend cultures and regions?
Common morality
What is the basis for informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality?
Autonomy
In patient care situations, which ethical principles are most likely to conflict?
Beneficence and autonomy
Which principle is often at odds with autonomy in patient care situations?
Beneficence
What do conflicts between ethical principles in patient care situations highlight?
The complexity of ethical decision-making
Which element is integrated into the patient care model as its central component?
Ethical aspects
What are the main ethical principles discussed in the review?
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice
What is the root cause of the practice of paternalism by physicians in countries with ancient civilizations?
Beneficence
Why is a critical examination of paternalistic medical practice needed?
All of the above
What are the requirements of an informed consent for a medical or surgical procedure, according to the text?
Competence, full disclosure, comprehension, and voluntary consent
Based on the text, what standards are generally accepted for determining incompetence in a patient?
All of the above
What should a surrogate decision-maker use when making decisions for a non-autonomous patient?
Substituted interests
What vital component does a physician lose the trust of the patient without, according to the text?
Truth-telling
What does the principle of nonmaleficence require physicians to do?
Avoid causing harm and promote patient welfare
What underpins the ethical principle of autonomy?
Intrinsic and unconditional worth of all persons
How does the text describe the principle of autonomy in relation to incompetent individuals?
It does not extend to individuals lacking the capacity to act autonomously
What is the doctrine of double effect mentioned in the text related to?
The unintended harmful effects of certain medications
How do some detractors of the principle of autonomy propose to expand the concept?
By promoting a broader concept of relational autonomy
What is the practical consequence of a clinician's determination of a patient's lack of decision-making capacity based on physical or mental disorder?
The same practical consequence as a legal determination of incompetence
What is the likely reason for physicians in non-western societies to disclose medical information to the family and not to the patient?
To avoid causing anxiety and loss of hope in the patient
What is the primary reason behind the marked shift in physicians' attitudes towards full disclosure of diagnosis in the US?
Awareness of previous clinical and research transgressions by the profession
In clinical ethics, justice is most commonly interpreted as the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons. Which category of justice is most pertinent to clinical ethics according to the text?
Distributive justice
What is a likely consequence of not telling the truth regarding a cancer diagnosis, as mentioned in the text?
Depriving the patient of opportunities for important life-tasks
What is an exception to patient confidentiality as mentioned in the text?
Legally required reporting of gunshot wounds and sexually transmitted diseases
What is the primary problem encountered in distributing medical resources?
Balancing the different principles of distribution
Which of the following is NOT a principle used for distributing medical resources?
Equal time for every patient
What does the text imply about the combination of distribution principles?
They can be combined in application
What is an example of an issue of distributive justice encountered in hospital and office practice?
Allotment of scarce resources
What is the role of fairness to the patient in conflicts of interests according to the text?
It assumes a role of primary importance
What would be a flagrant violation of the fairness principle according to the text?
Choosing an expensive drug over a less expensive but equally effective one for the benefit of the physician
What is difficult to balance when distributing medical resources according to the text?
The different principles of distribution
Explore the complex relationship between paternalism, culture, and ethics in healthcare. Understand how cultural beliefs and traditions influence the practice of paternalism by physicians, and how these dynamics evolve over time.
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