Ethics and Culture in Paternalism
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a goal of ethics education?

  • Mastering medical billing and coding
  • Becoming an expert in surgical techniques
  • Enhancing learner awareness, attitudes, and knowledge (correct)
  • Improving patient communication skills
  • What is the term used to refer to norms that bind groups because of their culture, religion, or profession?

  • Ethical absolutism
  • Universal morality
  • Common morality
  • Particular morality (correct)
  • Who are the authors known for their classic exposition of the principles of biomedical ethics?

  • Hippocrates and Percival
  • Physician organizations
  • World War II researchers
  • Beauchamp and Childress (correct)
  • What are the fundamental principles of ethics mentioned in the text?

    <p>Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of beneficence obligate physicians to do?

    <p>Act for the benefit of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe norms common to humankind that transcend cultures and regions?

    <p>Common morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patient care situations, which ethical principles are most likely to conflict?

    <p>Beneficence and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is often at odds with autonomy in patient care situations?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do conflicts between ethical principles in patient care situations highlight?

    <p>The complexity of ethical decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is integrated into the patient care model as its central component?

    <p>Ethical aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main ethical principles discussed in the review?

    <p>Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the root cause of the practice of paternalism by physicians in countries with ancient civilizations?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a critical examination of paternalistic medical practice needed?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the requirements of an informed consent for a medical or surgical procedure, according to the text?

    <p>Competence, full disclosure, comprehension, and voluntary consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what standards are generally accepted for determining incompetence in a patient?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a surrogate decision-maker use when making decisions for a non-autonomous patient?

    <p>Substituted interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital component does a physician lose the trust of the patient without, according to the text?

    <p>Truth-telling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of nonmaleficence require physicians to do?

    <p>Avoid causing harm and promote patient welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underpins the ethical principle of autonomy?

    <p>Intrinsic and unconditional worth of all persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the principle of autonomy in relation to incompetent individuals?

    <p>It does not extend to individuals lacking the capacity to act autonomously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the doctrine of double effect mentioned in the text related to?

    <p>The unintended harmful effects of certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some detractors of the principle of autonomy propose to expand the concept?

    <p>By promoting a broader concept of relational autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the practical consequence of a clinician's determination of a patient's lack of decision-making capacity based on physical or mental disorder?

    <p>The same practical consequence as a legal determination of incompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely reason for physicians in non-western societies to disclose medical information to the family and not to the patient?

    <p>To avoid causing anxiety and loss of hope in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the marked shift in physicians' attitudes towards full disclosure of diagnosis in the US?

    <p>Awareness of previous clinical and research transgressions by the profession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In clinical ethics, justice is most commonly interpreted as the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons. Which category of justice is most pertinent to clinical ethics according to the text?

    <p>Distributive justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of not telling the truth regarding a cancer diagnosis, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Depriving the patient of opportunities for important life-tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exception to patient confidentiality as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Legally required reporting of gunshot wounds and sexually transmitted diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem encountered in distributing medical resources?

    <p>Balancing the different principles of distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle used for distributing medical resources?

    <p>Equal time for every patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the combination of distribution principles?

    <p>They can be combined in application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an issue of distributive justice encountered in hospital and office practice?

    <p>Allotment of scarce resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fairness to the patient in conflicts of interests according to the text?

    <p>It assumes a role of primary importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a flagrant violation of the fairness principle according to the text?

    <p>Choosing an expensive drug over a less expensive but equally effective one for the benefit of the physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is difficult to balance when distributing medical resources according to the text?

    <p>The different principles of distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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