Ethics: Power, Culture, and Economics

• Illegal aliens from countries south of the US take low-skilled agricultural jobs, like picking apples, grapes, and avocados, due to low wages.
• Exposure to harmful conditions and intense psychological stress are workplace issues.
• Workplace events affect shareholders, suppliers, the community, and the government.
• An employer-employee relationship isn't equal.

Asymmetrical Relationship

• Individuals usually comply with authority, even with unjust commands.
• Subordinates expect and carry out instructions without objections, for workplace function.
• Subordinates may ignore the unethical/unacceptable consequences of commands.

Influence of Culture and Economics

• The Power Distance Index (PDI) measures how less powerful members accept unequal power distribution.
• High PDI scores occur in Asian, African, and Arab countries.
• Most Asian societies are 'face cultures,' where subordinates hesitate to question superiors' ethics to avoid causing them embarrassment.
• Raising ethical issues is disloyal and harms career prospects.

Equity vs. Efficiency

• Equity means mutually viewed ethical behavior.
• Being moral is costly.
• Employer may view the cost as too high in some circumstances.
• There is a contest between equity and efficiency demands: the outcome is uncertain.
• Laws sometimes favor efficiency over equity.
• Modern slavery includes human trafficking, sweatshops, and unsafe workplaces, or child labor.
• Some argue that law compliance fulfills a company's duty, with no extra social responsibility obligations.
• Globalization causes countries to lower employee welfare, safety, and environment rules, to attract investment.
• Companies locate where labor laws are lax or unenforced.
• The decision to relocate involves considering the company's values.
• Examples: Apple and Nike are sensitive about brand management and supplier conduct.

Employment at Will

• Singapore has comprehensive health and occupational safety legislation.
• However, the law doesn't guarantee job security, allowing parties to agree on job termination with minimal government intervention.
• Employment decisions dictated by market forces are a strength of EAW.
• Enterprises adjust quickly and cut workforce, facing declining demand because of a poor economy, without bureaucratic obstacles.
• Foreign companies invest where a ‘hire and fire’ model exists.
• Expansion or reduction of local workforce depending on staff needs are possible due to this model
• Employees are vulnerable to employer's whim is a weakness of EAW.
• An employer can't dismiss an employee for any reason unrelated to poor performance or downsizing.

Employer Liability - Doctrine of Vicarious Liability

• The Doctrine of Vicarious liability makes the employer liable for damages for the employee's wrongs done during business.
• The employer directs not only what, but how tasks must be done, stipulating range and order of subtasks.
• The employer monitors and controls employee behavior, which might seem intrusive and unwarranted.
• Strikes a balance between monitoring future wrongful conduct that would cause loss to the business and intrusion into the employee's personal life.

Technology's impact on the traditional workplace

• Technology boosts workplace productivity and gives employees tools for mischief.
• Once confidential information in filing cabinets is now stored electronically and easily copied.
• WIFI technology abuse: employees surf the net during office hours.
• The wider principle that an employees owes a duty of loyalty may be transgressed
• Employers outsource to distant places due to technology.
• The duty of loyalty and confidence may be expressly stated in outsourcing contracts.
• Technology facilitates intrusions into personal life.
• Many companies use employee tablets/computers for work, allowing the employer to install device management software.
• Software provides the rights to monitor and access devices.
• Rationale: allows employer wipe all data safely if device is lost or stolen.
• Employers track and manipulate social media used by employees.
• Some ask employees to post positive reviews about their company.
• Employees surrender social media passwords to HR for review.
• Technology enables employers to monitor open workplaces constantly.
• Employees feel more stressed that employers are watching and checking every move.

The Parable of the Sadhu

• Offers insights into ethics challenges that organizations face when creating mutually reinforcing values.
• Cultural constraints may prevent corporate tradition emergence encouraging employees inquiry freedom and supporting values in Asia.
• Globalized, values of the workforce will provide the foundation of the corporate culture.
• In the alternative to the aforementioned, the present to-down model of values will survive in Asia.

Ethical to ask for OT?

• If it was agreed upon, working OT is ethical is according to the Law of universality.
• If not pre agreed, it is unethical to force/coerce OT or ethical to gives OT decision autonomy.
• Societal impetus is the coercion form- working OT.
• Not unethical, boss treats as reasonable being.
• Boss can't use societal pressure for OT.

Act utilitarianism

• Ethical, if OT happiness outweighs unhappiness, it is an economic progress/ gain.
• Progress if the economic gain is less than unhappiness.

Rule Utilitarianism

• Ethicality depends on different societies.
• If the society values economic gains more than individual happiness, then if OT increases economics it is ethical.

Egoism

• Ethical, boss is not responsible to think for worker.
• Rejected, employee is not wrong.
• Principle of Impartiality, treating preferable, instead of equally.

Sexual Harassment Definition

• Unwelcomed advances, requests, and physical/ verbal form from this nature.
• The submission is a (1) condition of individual's work, (2) employment decision basis, (3) interferingly effect work , create offensive env.

Quid Pro Quo

• Sexual favors that are demanded.
• Promise for a the subordinates role, and work-related decision.
• Like bullying, harasser is a superior.

hostile work env

• Workplace limits adequate work from intimidations.
• Could be both psychological/ physical.
• Includes touching victim innapropriately.
• Includes foul language/ obscene pictures, by male coll, making remarks to embarrass etc.
• Victim does not have to get affected, as long as reasonably perceived, its injurious.

Workplace Control

• Reduce sexual harassments with more women level influence in executive.
• Moral wrong.
• Program to eliminate sexual harassment.

Sexual Harassment definition

• Aesthetic: judging of employee's traits of superior position.
• Mental Groping: Undressing jokes.
• Social touching: Underminable.
• Foreplay Touching: Inncoent location and matter.
• Sexual Abuse: foul language.
• Ultimate Threat: coercive.

Escape Liability

Employers are liable unless:

• Exercised care to eliminate prompts in work
• Employee preventitive failed

Kantian

• UOL - benefit for society of artificial entities
• Unwelcomeness of sexual advances will against society and modesty.
• Trust issues will go up from this
• Treating with respect employers female being human, and avoid unsafe work en's, and dorm nights.

Theory of justice

• Career fairness
• Mutual obligations are put
• Woman should not do whatevers asked

Utilitiarian

• Happiness pleasure utility , net pleasure
• Fosters societal divisions, leading distrus

Virtue Ethics

• Well being character improvement
• Golden mean, and no rule of gold
• Inability/ Unhappiness cause, not virtuous through entire life.

Discrimination

• No one worth more than others, but rely on value and backround.
• Employment discrimation is immoral.
• Non job criteria are unethical.

Kantian 2 maxim

• Job seekers equal, for all
• Treat as mean, not ends

Con

• Harms their groups, non jobs,
• Best hires needed
• Unrest and sad
• Uneithical if unhapoiness greater

Rawlsian veil of ignorance

• Ethic minority, gender caste.
• Live societies as meritoracy
• Unethical

Deonotogical

Aims are:

• Abities not to stereotupes
• Rawl/kanti based in truth

Whistleblower

• Out of organiz,
• Others ethical framewoirk
• Right to do it, japan doesnt like
• Benigh motivates

Company encourage reasons.

• Company all do

George's 5

• Self conq, and colleagues
• 2. threat serious

How it feel?

• Action effecrs self
• Utilitarian v eogist

Conflict interest

• Disclose
• Solution neeed

Monitor

• Lose productuty cause
• Given conset vague
• Shldnt be given room for freedoms for productuty

Kantian and utail

• Not right humans r an end
• Against the will of freedom, unless approved.
• Increase econ, is it good?

Chap 5 advertising

• Mass comm
• Choice etc of products
• Able willing consumers to pay for the info
• Mental permissable and just able Facillata market, efficeny

Nature is needed for kantian

• If its good educate wise and no hate or bad stuff - Promote autonomy

Harm

• Users are less autonomous and restrit content / falsified, of the right amounts- adv
• Downed to suffer

Ppl are treated as a commodity vs being treated well for

• Adv takes on someone
• Force ppl manipulate- want nothing - Emphasize object

Fulfills more ppl, happy by consumtion

• Uti-
• Fails cause cant achive - unsuccesuf- no net goodness
• normal advertisments good

Freedeman

• Paid endorsed- useless
• Only try persuasion needed
• Doesn't say all truth
• Illmoral

-undermone volunt and choics

• Half silent about not saying
• Consumers bare accounted for- immoral
• Util unethical
• Promote deceives

Manipulation vs coercion

• Unwarrnted with coercion
• Manipulation with trickery or exploutation
• Persued w dening auto

Irrationality

• Bypass, visual , big. Create product needs now Kirk says advertisments don't have to and no one soley to blame
• Overtime luxury normal
• Over time attitudes
• For example the harm etc generates
• Bias, by saying it as edit

Sterotypes/Prejudice

• No no good need for improvents
• Public reacted baddly like susgested
• Social in a period over time
• Market, like in past.
• Stereotype short hand.
• DANGEROUS bcuz bad press
• Advertise is a portrayal

Leveragin is dirt and black etc

• Make woman etc.

Uti again

• Can bring down all that work and bring tensions high.
• Moral do right

Have well researches

• Society harmony need
• Reduce it make ppl better
• 0 universal with ridicules

UNEITHICAL

• Intentions bad making bad name

Util if stereotype makes it less or it is

• Milt- ethcal responsibilty profit
  • Sales boost- do it
  • Ppl get mad, sell high

Dove exsample

• Revail intention of stereotypes

Brand

• Sell reliable stuff
• Functional good
• What they miss = deception!

-autonomy and fairness of making a market

• Depends in informoatiN
• Vendor beware, sell w what you got. Alwsay tell.
• Price- predatory = ununstaininable/ bad

Consymer rights, unfair to not mislead or tell or whatever.

Mass com, informatio, choice

• Act moral as it effects it to do with morality, help,
• Filer no smoke
• Sells good= advert.

Dove, for their brands ads

• Advertise= social=
• Make risk, depentence = no focus quaily.
• Manipulation!
• Cant advertise at the bttm as much, just graph

Borroeed cred.

• 4th estate of contnet

• Steteotype

• Kanti moral cant be wrong, and no auto

  • Culpaibly

Stereotyp justified

• Break the mold, if stereotype be good • Bacc end for all

• Levity playg. Field asymetry

• Caveat emptor

• Use fine

• Negligence

• Inaccurate

• Law is repsonse

• Always disclse or say all facts or ur wrong

• It is what ti is.

Chanper 6

• World council definions over year

• Concern of all profits a company makes.

• Policies need all to do well

• Social license

• Approvas knowldge over impact now = acceppatbnke

• Must comply laws

• Not to give off bad name

symbolic relationship

Human centrrs society is in these types of system

• The it better to do with values good on and one

Advantages

• Corporate power resonsivilty balance Cons
• low efficemcy

Critics- Unssery

• The wealtm undwrming that for money.

Pwrsepftives

• Investor best to gain profits Milton - Called funds subversive
• 3 arguments - agency p , taxtation , freemafkett
• It good to genrate god if they in self interest. Be touchtone
• Agency problems; exveutoves employerr - should may money
• If indiivud desires
• Inbreach if agent emplyer.

2 tax principle coeqr

• Should not put things to fund etc

• Should not pursue police

• Forces all reesonibla

• -uannimity basws market of m Forces good value- individulas

Csr Econ challenges

• CSR
• Free mart harms foundatios no socitey - if we can do good

Stakhodker

• Can existhigher
• Harmed with compnay operations
• Custom hapoiness
• No one stay happg for long/ end
• Function - continue good
• Maximize if
• Share dividends
• There will be dividends
• Strategy by greenwaab
• CSR wellingess

Stake

• Partnership high
• Effective govs have ethical
• Maixmose
• On duty or take envirn Good for all and csr yeyers

KANTI ETHICS

• If ethically good for the company If all are allwed

• Shouldnt if boost

• In all-

Classical company shld bot eith all

• Harm redicrr all
• Csr better, can increas emarkets
• Stakeholdwr if corproations

Theory

Sharehodelrs is a stakholder if al good for those group

• To help other in the coonmnbity.
• Reosoiboty in this coommntity

Goverment is the reason why all is good

.

• Stakehoder theory for everyone

Govern - shlwd be the bare minm

• Indivitl, commi-
• Citizens

Conclusion time

• 3 types reasons for the good bad

• Enviton to take what i we need

• Shld understand the bad

• Implement system to help and take care of the ppl and others.

• TBI do with eouqity cap

• Parthets and good

Breach is a risk from all sorts

• Environ, reduce profit and infingemmtn

• Local all

• All good if known at top about risks

• Should have codess, host can trade w the land, it do with ethical too and not in the land

• Relativ- what cna we trust to do w the good people from then

• Proceess to jusity the act •- Mind- to take care see

• Comapny not to see can not care

• Failures take in good good ppl not want or need.

Countrerifeit info

• Compeing prise set up
• India etc big bad
• High end and vast items
• Hinder for big stuff to do well
• Illegitmate good for comp

Taz e vs avoidance

• Maximise in

• Reduce taz

• Ethcial not do

• If not reported etc then its. Illgla

• krever the the taqyspectrum

Ethoal if they had tax Evasion imllies with bank allz

tranfsetr prjcd all that for good etc.

• Company relation so tempt to manipulate the prixe
• Sell what they could have and make profit

A code so there's inform, etc

• Confide ntial cant tell to ppl Supp chain

• Improving work stuff. All those brands. With 8 and up year

• Can comply to comp and all Comply those all.

• Comtracts those ppl in bad place Saftr that

• Labout - under age bad. It is a minor at a time

• Cheoa-

• Handable to do the machine.

• To get moniotr. What for child or old

• Help. With systmeyuc. All that. Help.

Cultur. Is 9nely one right

Moeal, everyone differs, must respect

• See space and time
• We not anymore, - to see standards.

Abso. V rela,

• Easy to understand

Respect diviosiotys.

Con = bads

Reation, hild the right to

• Impral in the doerw

In and out and that all

Ethcal imrperiam that do exactly like we do.

Donaldson

• Cultur always respect
• Morality should be expressed
• The belief in alls bad. Shaped from how bad.

Bout

• Neither works and all for the ppl
• Thick and thin. What we give is whats best
• Same at everyone

Good if have to take that all in. Cuz all is just .

Should give ppl a chance that could work

• Comapny. Minimaee thst that. Should not viiolste

Then compaoness.

Cores valur

• Be human! And good , respecr etc give them a chance!
• Give them opp, - All!

Donald so

Would practice same stage of it?

• Must read

• If bad to take a good to get Bibrty

• Any gift accepted

Prooerty territoraly Wrong with all

• Bruery

Consequences good,

• Not optimal - Gov Distrust and laws all Diminsshed and all

Duent - is all violated by bind with more.

• Deicsoins make sence- reusalrs good.

Hwlpo econ, dvm Helos good if bad tooo.

Accotrjbg research context good Asian to compupruves but for good.

Help with do well more. Whoms more good!! What are they all